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Dec 13, 2018 (posted viaProZ.com): Just started again the regular and, hopefully, long-term project with a very good hourly rate after a short break. Joined it since 2011....more, + 14 other entries »
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English to Indonesian: Four Strokes Engine / Mesin 4-Langkah (ENG - INA) General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Automotive / Cars & Trucks
Source text - English Today, internal combustion engines in cars, trucks, motorcycles, aircraft, construction machinery and many others, most commonly use a four-stroke cycle. The four strokes refer to intake, compression, combustion (power), and exhaust strokes that occur during two crankshaft rotations per working cycle of the gasoline engine and diesel engine. A less technical description of the four-stroke cycle is, "Suck, Squeeze, Bang, Blow".
The cycle begins at top dead center (TDC), when the piston is farthest away from the axis of the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston from Top Dead Center (TDC) to Bottom Dead Center (BDC).
Stroke 1 of 4 "Suck": On the intake or induction stroke of the piston , the piston descends from the top of the cylinder to the bottom of the cylinder, reducing the pressure inside the cylinder. A mixture of fuel and air is forced by atmospheric (or greater) pressure into the cylinder through the intake port. The intake valve(s) then close.
Stroke 2 of 4 "Squeeze": With both intake and exhaust valves closed, the piston returns to the top of the cylinder compressing the fuel-air mixture. This is known as the compression stroke.
Stroke 3 of 4 "Bang": While the piston is at or close to Top Dead Center, the compressed air–fuel mixture is ignited, usually by a spark plug (for a gasoline or Otto cycle engine) or by the heat and pressure of compression (for a diesel cycle or compression ignition engine). The resulting massive pressure from the combustion of the compressed fuel-air mixture drives the piston back down toward bottom dead center with tremendous force. This is known as the power stroke, which is the main source of the engine's torque and power.
Stroke 4 of 4 "Blow": During the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns to top dead center while the exhaust valve is open. This action evacuates the products of combustion from the cylinder by pushing the spent fuel-air mixture through the exhaust valve(s).
Translation - Indonesian Dewasa ini, mesin pembakaran internal pada mobil, truk, sepeda motor, pesawat terbang, permesinan konstruksi, dan banyak lagi yang lainnya sebagian besar menggunakan siklus 4-langkah. 4-langkah tersebut meliputi langkah isap, tekan, bakar (daya) dan buang yang terjadi selama dua putaran poros engkol per siklus kerja mesin bensin atau mesin diesel. Gambaran teknis yang lebih singkat tentang siklus 4-langkah adalah, "Isap, Tekan, Bakar, Buang".
Siklus dimulai pada titik mati atas (TMA), saat piston berada pada posisi paling jauh dari sumbu poros engkol. Satu langkah meliputi satu lintasan penuh piston dari Titik Mati Atas (TMA) ke Titik Mati Bawah (TMB).
Langkah 1 dari 4 "Isap": Pada langkah isap atau induksi piston, piston turun dari atas silinder ke bawah silinder, yang menurunkan tekanan di dalam silinder. Campuran bahan bakar dan udara dipaksa masuk oleh tekanan atmosfer (atau lebih besar) ke dalam silinder melalui saluran masuk. Setelah itu, katup masuk tertutup.
Langkah 2 dari 4 "Tekan": Dengan katup isap dan katup buang dalam kondisi tertutup, piston kembali ke atas silinder dan memampatkan campuran bahan bakar-udara. Langkah ini dikenal sebagai langkah tekan.
Langkah 3 dari 4 "Bakar": Selagi piston berada pada atau dekat dengan Titik Mati Atas, campuran udara-bahan bakar yang dimampatkan kemudian dibakar, yang biasanya menggunakan busi (untuk mesin bensin atau siklus Otto) atau panas dan tekanan kompresi (untuk mesin diesel atau mesin pembakaran kompresi). Tekanan besar yang dihasilkan oleh pembakaran campuran bahan bakar-udara yang dimampatkan akan menggerakkan piston kembali ke bawah menuju titik mati bawah dengan gaya yang sangat besar. Langkah ini dikenal sebagai langkah daya, yang merupakan sumber utama putaran dan daya mesin.
Langkah 4 dari 4 "Buang": Selama langkah buang, piston sekali lagi kembali ke titik mati atas selagi katup buangnya terbuka. Gerakan ini mengosongkan hasil pembakaran dari silinder dengan mendorong keluar campuran bahan bakar-udara yang sudah terpakai melalui katup buang.
English to Indonesian: Tuberculosis / Tuberkulosis (ENG -INA) General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical (general)
Source text - English Tuberculosis or TB (short for Tubercles Bacillus) is a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. It is spread through the air, when people who have the disease cough, sneeze, or spit. Most infections in humans result in an asymptomatic, latent infection, and about one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of its victims.
The classic symptoms are a chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Infection of other organs causes a wide range of symptoms. Diagnosis relies on radiology (commonly chest X-rays), a tuberculin skin test, blood tests, as well as microscopic examination and microbiological culture of bodily fluids. Treatment is difficult and requires long courses of multiple antibiotics. Contacts are also screened and treated if necessary. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in (extensively) multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. Prevention relies on screening programs and vaccination, usually with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine.
A third of the world's population are thought to be infected with M. tuberculosis, and new infections occur at a rate of about one per second. The proportion of people who become sick with tuberculosis each year is stable or falling worldwide but, because of population growth, the absolute number of new cases is still increasing. In 2007 there were an estimated 13.7 million chronic active cases, 9.3 million new cases, and 1.8 million deaths, mostly in developing countries. In addition, more people in the developed world are contracting tuberculosis because their immune systems are compromised by immunosuppressive drugs, substance abuse, or AIDS. The distribution of tuberculosis is not uniform across the globe; about 80% of the population in many Asian and African countries test positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5-10% of the US population test positive.
Signs and symptoms
Main symptoms of variants and stages of tuberculosis, with many symptoms overlapping with other variants, while others are more (but not entirely) specific for certain variants. Multiple variants may be present simultaneously.
When the disease becomes active, 75% of the cases are pulmonary TB, that is, TB in the lungs. Symptoms include chest pain, coughing up blood, and a productive, prolonged cough for more than three weeks. Systemic symptoms include fever, chills, night sweats, appetite loss, weight loss, pallor, and often a tendency to fatigue very easily.
In the other 25% of active cases, the infection moves from the lungs, causing other kinds of TB, collectively denoted extrapulmonary tuberculosis. This occurs more commonly in immunosuppressed persons and young children. Extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura in tuberculosis pleurisy, the central nervous system in meningitis, the lymphatic system in scrofula of the neck, the genitourinary system in urogenital tuberculosis, and bones and joints in Pott's disease of the spine. An especially serious form is disseminated TB, more commonly known as miliary tuberculosis. Extrapulmonary TB may co-exist with pulmonary TB as well.
Translation - Indonesian Tuberkulosis atau TB (kependekan dari Tubercles Bacillus) merupakan suatu penyakit menular yang umum dan sering kali mematikan pada manusia. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh mikobakteri, yang biasanya yaitu Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberkulosis biasa menyerang paru-paru tetapi dapat juga memengaruhi bagian-bagian tubuh lainnya. Penyakit ini disebarkan melalui udara, saat penderita penyakit tersebut batuk, bersin atau meludah. Kebanyakan infeksi pada manusia berakibat infeksi tanpa gejala dan tersembunyi, dan sekitar satu dari sepuluh kasus penularan berkembang dengan cepat menjadi penyakit aktif, yang jika dibiarkan tidak dirawat akan menyebabkan kematian pada lebih dari 50% penderitanya.
Gejala-gejala klasiknya berupa batuk kronis dengan dahak berdarah, demam, berkeringat di malam hari, dan penurunan berat badan. Infeksi pada organ lain menyebabkan gejala yang bermacam-macam. Diagnosisnya bergantung pada radiologi (umumnya sinar-X pada dada), tes kulit tuberkulin, tes darah, dan pemeriksaan mikroskopis dan sifat mikrobiologis pada cairan tubuh. Perawatannya sulit dan membutuhkan pemberian serangkaian antibiotik dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Berhubungan dengan orang lain pun dipilih dan diawasi bilamana perlu. Ketahanan terhadap antibiotik merupakan masalah yang berkembang dalam tuberkulosis yang tahan multiobat (secara ekstensif). Pencegahannya bergantung pada program penyaringan dan vaksinasi, yang biasanya dengan vaksin Bacillus Calmette-Guérin.
Sepertiga populasi dunia diduga terinfeksi bakteri M. tuberculosis, dan infeksi yang baru muncul dengan laju sekitar satu kasus per detik. Perbandingan orang yang sakit akibat tuberkulosis tiap tahunnya stabil atau menurun di seluruh dunia, tetapi karena adanya pertumbuhan populasi, jumlah mutlak untuk kasus baru masih meningkat. Pada tahun 2007 diperkirakan ada 13,7 juta kasus aktif yang kronis, 9,3 juta kasus baru, dan 1,8 juta kematian, yang sebagian besar terjadi di negara berkembang. Di samping itu, kebanyakan orang di negara berkembang mengidap tuberkulosis karena sistem kekebalan tubuh mereka menurun akibat obat penurun kekebalan, penyalahgunaan bahan kimia, atau AIDS. Penyebaran tuberkulosis tidak merata di seluruh dunia; sekitar 80% populasi di sebagian besar negara Asia dan Afrika hasilnya positif dalam uji tuberkulin, sementara hanya 5-10% dari populasi Amerika Serikat yang hasil ujinya positif.
Tanda dan gejalanya
Gejala-gejala utama varian dan tingkatan tuberkulosis, dengan banyak gejala yang saling tumpang tindih dengan varian lain, sementara yang lainnya (tetapi tidak seluruhnya) lebih spesifik untuk varian tertentu. Varian yang majemuk bisa saja muncul secara serempak.
Saat penyakit menjadi aktif, 75% dari kasus merupakan TB pulmonari, yaitu TB pada paru-paru. Gejalanya berupa sakit dada, batuk berdarah dan batuk yang produktif dan lama selama lebih dari tiga minggu. Gejala-gejala sistemik meliputi demam, menggigil, berkeringat di malam hari, hilangnya nafsu makan, penurunan berat badan, pucat, dan sering kali cenderung sangat mudah mengalami kelelahan.
Pada 25% kasus aktif lainnya, infeksi bergerak dari paru-paru dan menyebabkan jenis TB jenis lain, yang secara bersama menyebabkan tuberkulosis ekstrapulmonari. Kondisi ini lebih banyak terjadi pada orang-orang yang mengalami penurunan kekebalan dan anak-anak kecil. Tempat terjadinya infeksi adalah di luar paru-paru (ekstra pulmonari), meliputi pleura pada tuberkulosis pleuris, sistem syaraf pusat pada meningitis, sistem limfa pada skrofula leher, genitourinari pada tuberkulosis urogenital, dan tulang serta persendian pada penyakit Pott tulang belakang. Tipe TB yang sangat serius adalah TB diseminasi, yang lebih umum dikenal sebagai tuberkulosis miliari. TB ekstrapulmonari juga bisa muncul bersama-sama dengan TB pulmonari.
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TRUSTED PARTNER FOR YOUR PROJECTS
“I am a certified translator with over 24 years of experience in translating English into Indonesian. My attention to detail and commitment to accuracy ensure that every translation meets the highest standards. I have an associate degree in Translation Studies and hold a certification from the Association of Indonesian Translators (Himpunan Penerjemah Indonesia)."
Bachelor Degree in Mechanical Engineering & Associate Degree in Translation Studies
ORGANIZATION MEMBERSHIP:
Professional member of HPI (The Association of Indonesian Translators) with ID# HPI-01-13-0791<- Click here to check my profile and send your message via HPI platform. Below is my membership e-card.
I have translated more than 1.4 million words (2,400+ projects) in Smartcat.
Member since Feb '10
