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English to Xhosa: PARTICIPANT INFORMATION LEAFLET AND CONSENT FORM General field: Medical
Source text - English PARTICIPANT INFORMATION LEAFLET AND CONSENT FORM
TITLE OF RESEARCH PROJECT:
PhaRmacokinEtics oF ColistIn in South AfricaN adult critically ill patiEnts
(REFINE study)
DETAILS OF PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR (PI):
Title, first name, surname:
Dr Veshni Pillay-Fuentes Lorente Ethics reference number:
S23/05/128
Full postal address:
7th Floor, Clinical Building, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University PI Contact number:
021 938 9340 / 0826965318
This consent form consists of 3 sections. Please read the sections that are relevant to you.
- If you are the participant and providing verbal or written consent, please read:
Section A and Section C
- If you are a legal representative and providing consent on behalf of a family member, please read:
Section B and Section C
Section A – Study participant
We would like to invite you to take part in a research project. Please take some time to read the information presented here, which will explain the details of this project. Please ask the study staff or doctor any questions about any part of this project that you do not fully understand. It is very important that you are completely satisfied that you clearly understand what this research entails and how you could be involved. Also, your participation is entirely voluntary and you are free to decline to participate. In other words, you may choose to take part, or you may choose not to take part. Nothing bad will come of it if you say no: it will not affect you negatively in any way whatsoever. Refusal to participate will involve no penalty or loss of benefits or reduction in the level of care to which you are otherwise entitled. You are also free to withdraw from the study at any point, even if you do agree to take part initially.
Section B – Legal Representative
We would like to invite your relative to take part in a research project. We are asking you as the legal representative to give consent because due to physical circumstances your relative is unable to give his/her consent. At a point in the future when your relative is well enough, we will seek consent directly.
Please take some time to read the information presented here, which will explain the details of this project. Please ask the study staff or doctor any questions about any part of this project that you do not fully understand. It is very important that you are completely satisfied that you clearly understand what this research entails and how your relative could be involved. Participation in research is entirely voluntary, and you are free to decline on behalf of your relative if this is something that you, to the best of your knowledge, he/she may not wish to do. In other words, you may choose for your relative to be included in the research or not. Nothing bad will come of it if you say no: it will not affect your relative negatively in any way and neither will there be a reduction in the level of care to which your relative is otherwise entitled. You are also free to withdraw your relative from the study at any point, even if you do agree initially.
Section C – Study information
The Health Research Ethics Committee at Stellenbosch University has approved this study. The study will be conducted according to the ethical guidelines and principles of the international Declaration of Helsinki, the South African Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (2006), the Medical Research Council (MRC) Ethical Guidelines for Research (2002), and the Department of Health Ethics in Health Research: Principles, Processes and Studies (2015).
What is this research study all about?
Colistin is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections. It is used to treat a bacterial infection when there is no other antibiotic that is strong enough to kill the bacteria causing the infection. This is usually because the bacteria are resistant to the other available antibiotics.
Colistin has been studied in adult patients in other parts of the world but there is no information on patients on the African continent. We do not know if the dose we are giving to critically ill South African patients is effective because there are no studies done to investigate which dose is the correct dose in the South African population.
Colistin was prescribed for you / your relative by the treating doctor because the infection that is being treated is resistant to all other available antibiotics and colistin is the only antibiotic option at this point.
Why is this study being done?
There are no studies to show if the dose of colistin used for South African critically ill adults is the right amount of the drug to get into the blood to treat the bacterial infection adequately. Therefore, in this study we want to check if the amount of colistin that gets into the blood after it is given in the vein is high enough to treat the bacterial infection. This study will help us to change the colistin dose if the amount in the blood is not enough or is too high.
What will happen to participants in the study?
On the morning of the sampling day, the doctor will examine all participants who have agreed to take part in the research and the nurse will inject the colistin. The doctor will decide the need for colistin based on the blood results. This is part of the normal treatment you would receive.
The amount of the colistin in the blood will be measured by drawing a small amount of blood from a vein in the arm. If there is a soft plastic tube placed in the vein already then, we will use the same tube to draw the blood for the research. A small amount of blood (about 1/2 mL) will be taken 7 times over 72 hours. This will be done just after the colistin has been given. All the blood samples together will mean that we will take about a teaspoon or less of blood over a period of 3 days.
We will also collect clinical information (from hospital file) from before and after the colistin was started up until discharge. This is to check if the medication has been causing any side effects and if the medication is treating the bacterial infection adequately.
How many adults admitted to ICU will take part in the study and who will they be?
Twenty-four adults admitted to ICU will take part in this study. The patients admitted to the ICU (adults > 18 years) with a bacterial infection which cannot be treated with any other antibiotics and needs to receive colistin will be chosen. A minimum of 24 adults will be enrolled in the study at Tygerberg Hospital.
What will participants’ responsibilities be?
Participants will have no responsibilities and will not need to move to different wards for the test. The blood withdrawal will take place in the ICU.
What is the benefit from taking part in this research?
Most likely there will be no direct benefit for being in this study. What we learn from this study, however, will help doctors understand if the colistin dose we are using to treat bacterial infections are good enough to treat the infection, or if we need to use a higher dose. This will assist us to use an appropriate dose in adults admitted to ICU with bacterial infections needing colistin in the future.
Are there any risks involved in taking part in this research?
Participating in this study is not likely to pose any serious risk as this is an antibiotic that is normally prescribed to patients who experience resistance to other antibiotics.
Risk of colistin
Side effects (adverse reactions) to colistin, can occur. Careful observation will take place for any side effects of the medicine during the treatment. Taking part in this study will not increase the risk of possible side effects of the medicine.
Side effects from the colistin could include kidney injury and we will carefully check for kidney injury. If any side effects occur, we will immediately notify the treating doctor.
The risks or discomforts of drawing blood:
• Taking blood may cause some discomfort
• Some bleeding or bruising may occur where the needle enters the skin
• Very rarely, infection at the puncture site may occur
We will limit these risks by using a doctor to draw blood and by following standard guidelines. Three attempts at most will be made to obtain each blood sample. If a blood sample is difficult to obtain, after three attempts we will skip the blood sample and wait for the next blood sample time point. The total amount of blood that we will draw is safe and is less than the recommended maximum amount for research studies according to our ethics committee at Stellenbosch University and national guidelines.
If you do not agree to take part, what alternatives do you have?
Should you decide that you do not want to take part in this study, the usual medical treatment will not be affected in any way. Please talk to the routine doctor about the study.
Who will have access to the medical records?
Every effort will be made to keep personal information confidential (private). This includes personal information and information about medical conditions. The information we collect will not be linked to your name / your relative’s name or any other personal identifier in the computer database. Your information and stored samples will be coded. Any paper records with personal information will be stored in a locked cabinet and the electronic records will be stored on a computer with a password and will not be accessible to anyone outside the study team. The documents with your name on will be stored separately from the documents that contain other information about you / your relative. The risk of your information being disclosed (leaked) because of this study is therefore likely to be very small. Any publication (report) of this study will not use your name / your relative’s name or other identifying information.
Your / your relative’s study records may be inspected by the South African Department of Health, the ethics committee of the university, study staff or study monitors. The study records will be kept separate from the routine medical records. All information from this study will be stored for 5 years.
Even though it is unlikely, what will happen if you / your relative is injured somehow because you took part in this research study?
If you are injured because of being in this study, you will be given immediate treatment for your injuries at no cost to you / your relative. The study team and hospital will cover all complications directly linked to the study. Stellenbosch University will provide comprehensive no-fault insurance and will pay for any medical costs that came about because you / your relative took part in this study.
Are there any costs involved if I decide to take part in the study?
There is no additional cost for participation in the study because you / your relative will be admitted in the hospital and receive routine medical care.
Is there anything else that you should know or do?
You can phone [Dr Veshni Pillay-Fuentes Lorente] at [021 938 9340] if you have any further queries or encounter any problems.
You can phone the Health Research Ethics Committee at 021 938 9677/9819 if there still is something that the researcher has not explained to you, or if you have a complaint.
You will receive a copy of this information and consent form for you to keep safe.
Section D - Signatures
Declaration by participant
Please note: If you were unable to consent to take part in the study in the beginning due to physical circumstances, this is your opportunity to consent.
By signing below, I …………………………………..…………. agree to take part in a research study entitled Pharmacokinetics Of Colistin In South African Adult Critically Ill Patients (REFINE Study).
I declare that:
• I have read this information and consent form, or it was read to me, and it is written in a language in which I am fluent and with which I am comfortable.
• I have had a chance to ask questions and I am satisfied that all my questions have been answered.
• I understand that taking part in this study is voluntary, and I have not been pressurised to take part.
• I understand that research is separate to my medical care or treatment and that refusing to take part in research does not mean I will no longer receive medical care.
• I may choose to leave the study at any time and nothing bad will come of it – I will not be penalised or prejudiced in any way.
• I may be asked to leave the study before it has finished, if the study doctor or researcher feels it is in my best interests.
Signed at (place) ......................…........…………….. on (date) …………....……….. 20….
Signature of participant / appropriate legal representative
Signature of witness
Declaration by investigator
I (name) ……………………………………………..……… declare that:
• I explained the information in this document in a simple and clear manner to …………………………………..
• I encouraged him/her to ask questions and took enough time to answer them.
• I am satisfied that he/she completely understands all aspects of the research, as discussed above.
• I did/did not use an interpreter. (If an interpreter is used then the interpreter must sign the declaration below.)
Signed at (place) ......................…........…………….. on (date) …………....……….. 20….
Signature of investigator Signature of witness
Signature of interpreter Name of interpreter
Permission to have all anonymous information shared with journals:
Please carefully read the statements below (or have them read to you) and think about your choice. No matter what you decide, it will not affect whether you can be in the research study, or your routine health care.
When this study is finished, we would like to publish results of the study in journals. Most journals require us to share your anonymous information with them before they publish the results. Therefore, we would like to obtain your permission to have your anonymous information shared with journals.
Permission for sharing samples and/or information with other investigators:
Please carefully read the statements below (or have them read to you) and think about your choice. No matter what you decide, it will not affect whether you can be in the research study, or your routine health care.
Once we have done the research that we are planning for this research project, we would like to store your sample and/or information in the Division of Clinical Pharmacology at Stellenbosch University. Other investigators from all over the world can ask to use these samples in future research including genetic and biomarker testing. To protect your privacy, we will replace your name with a unique study number. We will only use this code for your sample and information about you. We will do our best to keep the code private. It is however always possible that someone could find out about your name but this is very unlikely to happen. Therefore, we would like to ask for your permission to share your samples and information with other investigators.
Tick the Option you choose for anonymous information sharing with journals:
I agree to have my anonymous information shared with journals during publication of results of this study.
Signature____________
OR
I do not agree to have my anonymous information shared with journals during publication of results of this study.
Signature____________
Tick the Option you choose for sharing samples and/or information with other researchers:
I do not want my sample and/or information to be shared with other researchers:
Signature______________
OR
My sample and/or information may be shared with other investigators for further analysis and future research in a field related to colistin dosing in critically ill patients.
ISIHLOKO SEPROJEKHTI YOPHANDO:
PhaRmacokinEtics oF ColistIn in South AfricaN adult critically ill patiEnts
(UPhononongo lweREFINE)
IINKCUKACHA ZOMPHANDI OYINTLOKO (PI):
Isibizo, igama, ifani:
Gqr Veshni Pillay-Fuentes Lorente Inombolo yesalathiso sokuziphatha:
S23/05/128
Idilesi yeposi ngokupheleleyo:
7th Floor, Clinical Building, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University Inombolo yoqhagamshelwano yomphandi oyintloko:
021 938 9340 / 0826965318
English to Xhosa: Krotoa !Goa /Gõas 1642 – 1674 General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: History
Source text - English Writer: Sylvia Vollenhoven
Researcher: Patric Mellet
Krotoa !Goa /Gõas
1642 – 1674
Krotoa !Goa /Gõas ‘Eva’ van Meerhof of the ǁAmmaqua lives at a time when the sparkling waters of the Camissa River flow freely from Hoerikwaggo to the Bay of ǁHui !Gaeb… from Table Mountain to the sea. She is born around 1642. Her name means a child in the wardship of others. Krotoa’s world is dominated by a busy port that has become a halfway station for merchant ships. Her Uncle Autshumao is a Goab or Leader of the ǁAmmaqua. They call themselves the ‘People of the Water’ or ‘Watermans’. The Dutch call Autshumao ‘Herry’. It is possibly a mispronunciation of Ari, one of his epithets, and is typical of the exchange of poetic nomenclature for invariably pedestrian colonial versions. Autshumao means ‘one who swims with the fish'. He runs a dynamic business supplying passing ships with food and drink.
The circumstances under which Krotoa leaves the wardship of her uncle at about 10 years old and enters the household of the Dutch East India Company or VOC colonial commander Jan Van Riebeeck as a child servant are contested. But it is clear from the copious references to her in the journals and letters of this commander (notorious for some and a folk hero for others) as well as his successor Zacharias Wagenaer that she is a key figure at the Cape in the 17th Century. We know from the archives that in addition to her own, she spoke several languages including Dutch, Afrikaans, Portuguese and even a bit of French. She learns these languages and the skill of negotiation at an early age by being a helper for her Uncle in his business as a trader.
By the time Krotoa is a teenager she has two children. Despite the meticulous record keeping of the VOC officers, Van Riebeeck and Wagenaer do not disclose how a youth in their care becomes pregnant. In a fort bursting with rough necks who are without women from their home countries, it is likely that Krotoa is abused from an early age.
Krotoa’s Dutch is greatly improved living in the Fort with the Van Riebeecks and so, the weighty responsibility of translation is added to her duties. When the first war breaks out between the indigenous people and the colonials in 1659 Krotoa is the chief translator cum negotiator. In the letters and journals of Van Riebeeck as well as those of Wagenaer, there is both praise for her work and mistrust of her affiliations. Krotoa walks a tightrope between the growing colonial demands and the suspicions of her own people. She spends ten years of her life with the Van Riebeecks and six of these years as a VOC interpreter, emissary and diplomat. But her loyalty to her uncle and her people is self-evident in the archives. Van Riebeeck accuses her of “drawing the long bow” – contemporary colloquialism for misleading the Dutch – and also says that at times she is; “… telling us what she thinks we want to hear.”
In her early 20s Krotoa decides on a strategy, no doubt for her own protection, of being baptised in the foreign church and marrying the surgeon Pieter van Meerhof (aka the Dane Peter Havgardt). The Dutch change her name to Eva and she becomes the first local person to marry a colonial and to adopt their faith. She is additionally protected by the fact that her sister is married to the powerful leader of the Cochoqua, Chief Oedasoa.
Alcohol has a devastating impact on Krotoa’s life. There are archival indications that she blossoms as a young woman. But as she grows older the competing pressures of the colonial aggression and the demands of her own people, take their toll. Her husband Van Meerhof is sent to work on Robben Island but is often away on expeditions, leaving her on her own. Her role as interpreter and emissary comes to an end and her relationship with her protector, Jan van Riebeeck, sours. The last entry showing Krotoa as interpreter is in 1661. Her life undergoes a dramatic change in 1662 when Van Riebeeck leaves the Cape. It also a period when she has to cope with the death of her Uncle Autshumao, her mother’s death and the death of her sister, the wife of Cochoqua Leader Oedosoa.
Her husband Van Meerhoff is sent to Madagascar to kidnap slaves but he is murdered. After her husband is killed, Krotoa is temporarily allowed back on the mainland. She tries to fit in but there are accounts of her drinking more and more. The Dutch Reformed Church council evict her from her house and forcibly remove her children, placing them in foster care. Krotoa is sent to Robben Island again, banished this time. An ironic archive entry states the boat that takes her there is called De Bruydegom (The Bridegroom).
Krotoa dies alone on Robben Island on 29th July in 1674, five years after she is banished. She is a mere 32 years old. Journal entries record details of her food rations and that on the island there is only wood for the fire hill in the chill of the Cape winter.
Krotoa’s children Pieternella van Meerhof and Salomon van Meerhof are shipped off to Mauritius in 1677 as wards of Theuntje Bartholomeus van der Linde and her husband Bartholomeus Borns. Jacobus van Meerhof, the eldest of the children is later also sent to Mauritius to join them.
Krotoa also has two other children Jeronimus and Anthonij. It is not known into whose care they are placed. The only records on Anthonij is that he is alone, unmarried and without children when he dies during the smallpox epidemic in 1713.
Pieternella returns to the Cape with her husband Daniel Saayman after the Dutch East India Company VOC abandons Mauritius. She dies aged 50 in Stellenbosch in the year of the smallpox epidemic in 1713. Daniel dies the following year. Krotoa’s descendants can be traced through four of Petronella’s 8 children, through the Diodata girls in Indonesia, and the Bockelenberg, de Vries and the Zaaiman (Zaayman or Saayman) lines in the Cape.
REFERENCES:
• HB Thom edt; Journal of Jan van Riebeeck 1652 – 1662; Van Riebeeck Society; AA Balkema, Cape Town / Amsterdam (1958) –
• Anna Jacoba Böeseken; Die dagregister en briewe van Zacharias Wagenaer 1662 – 1666; (1973) –
• Anna Jacoba Böeseken; Memoriën en instruction 1657 – 1699; (1966) –
• Mansell Upham; Made or Marred by Time; www.e-family.co.za/remarkablewriting/MadeorMarred.pdf –
• Karel Schoeman; Seven Khoi lives; – Cape biographies of the seventeenth century; Protea; Pretoria (2009)
• Alan Mountain; First People of the Cape; David Philip; Cape Town (2003) –
• Riaan Voster and Alan Hall; The Waters of Table mountain; http://dev.webdesignbytanya.com/hike-tm/the-waters-of-table-mountain/ –
• Nicolaas Vergunst; Hoerikwaggo – Images of Table mountain; SA National gallery Iziko Museums; Cape town (2000) –
• Nigel Worden, Elizabeth van Heningen, Vivian Bickford-Smith; Cape Town Making of a City; David Philip; Cape Town (1998) –
• Adrien Delmas & Nigel Penn; Written culture in a Colonial context: Africa and the Americas 1500 – 1900; Written culture and the Cape KhoiKhoi – From travel writing to ‘full description; UCT Press (2011) –
• William Crooke edt; Tavanier: Travels in India; transl V Ball; (1925) –
• Sir Richard Carnac-Temple; The travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia 1608 – 1667; (1967) –
• JP Cortemünde; Adventures at the Cape of Good Hope; (1962) –
• HCV Leibbrandt; Precis of the archives of the Cape of Good Hope; Journal 1662-70, 1671-74; WA Richards & Sons (1901, 1902) –
• John Cope; King of the Hottentots; Howard Timmins; Cape Town (1967) –
• Richard Elphick; KhoiKhoi and the founding of White South Africa; Raven Press; Johannesburg (1985) –
• Schapera edt; Dictionary of South African Biography: The Early Cape Hottentots – Willem ten Rhijne; (1933)
IZALATHISO:
• HB Thom edt; Journal of Jan van Riebeeck 1652 – 1662; Van Riebeeck Society; AA Balkema, Cape Town / Amsterdam (1958) –
• Anna Jacoba Böeseken; Die dagregister en briewe van Zacharias Wagenaer 1662 – 1666; (1973) –
• Anna Jacoba Böeseken; Memoriën en instruction 1657 – 1699; (1966) –
• Mansell Upham; Made or Marred by Time; www.e-family.co.za/remarkablewriting/MadeorMarred.pdf –
• Karel Schoeman; Seven Khoi lives; – Cape biographies of the seventeenth century; Protea; Pretoria (2009)
• Alan Mountain; First People of the Cape; David Philip; Cape Town (2003) –
• Riaan Voster and Alan Hall; The Waters of Table mountain; http://dev.webdesignbytanya.com/hike-tm/the-waters-of-table-mountain/ –
• Nicolaas Vergunst; Hoerikwaggo – Images of Table mountain; SA National gallery Iziko Museums; Cape town (2000) –
• Nigel Worden, Elizabeth van Heningen, Vivian Bickford-Smith; Cape Town Making of a City; David Philip; Cape Town (1998) –
• Adrien Delmas & Nigel Penn; Written culture in a Colonial context: Africa and the Americas 1500 – 1900; Written culture and the Cape KhoiKhoi – From travel writing to ‘full description; UCT Press (2011) –
• William Crooke edt; Tavanier: Travels in India; transl V Ball; (1925) –
• Sir Richard Carnac-Temple; The travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia 1608 – 1667; (1967) –
• JP Cortemünde; Adventures at the Cape of Good Hope; (1962) –
• HCV Leibbrandt; Precis of the archives of the Cape of Good Hope; Journal 1662-70, 1671-74; WA Richards & Sons (1901, 1902) –
• John Cope; King of the Hottentots; Howard Timmins; Cape Town (1967) –
• Richard Elphick; KhoiKhoi and the founding of White South Africa; Raven Press; Johannesburg (1985) –
• Schapera edt; Dictionary of South African Biography: The Early Cape Hottentots – Willem ten Rhijne; (1933)
English to Xhosa: #NameItAndClaimIt General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: General / Conversation / Greetings / Letters
Source text - English #NameItAndClaimIt
You’ve probably heard the exciting news through the grapevine, but if you haven’t, here’s the deets – Stellenbosch University is in the process of building two new residences behind Goldfields Residence in Hammandshand Way!
We need your help to #NameIt so students can #ClaimIt as their new home-away-from-home.
Construction should wrap up just in time for us to welcome the 2024 newcomers!
But this is about more than just naming two new buildings on campus. In fact, it’s part of a bigger mission by the Division for Social Impact and Transformation to bring about visual changes on campus to ensure the university rights the wrongs of the past. This entails removing hurtful symbols, addressing misrecognition, and remedying the harm that has been caused by various visual symbols and replacing it with new visual symbols that is representative of a diverse population and in the spirit of social justice.
This project has already led to the naming and renaming of buildings, several art work installations on campus, visual representations of SU’s commitment to multilingualism through the inscription of 15 welcoming messages in a number of South African languages, such as Braille, Sign Langugage, Zulu, Xitsonga, and Afrikaaps, as well as public commitment through the university’s Restitution Statement to build an inclusive, world-class university going forward.
All these exciting projects involved input from our student!
So now we want YOU to get involved again by suggesting names for our two new residences. All you have to do is submit your proposed name/s and motivate why you chose that/those name/s. That you can do by just clicking here!
English to Xhosa: MESSAGE TO STUDENTS General field: Art/Literary Detailed field: Other
Source text - English Dear students
Earlier this month, we sent you the first of two sets of resources at the conclusion of the SU Language Centre's 'Building communities through multilingualism’ workshops in April and May. Here is the second set of resources we promised. This document contains a summary of house committee members’ and mentors’ responses during the activities – on the padlet and in the shared notebooks.
We know that there are upcoming elections in the residence and PSO spaces. You may find this document useful in the annual discussions to see what language resources you may need, or in planning your approach to Welcoming in 2024.
As indicated previously, the SU Language Centre is committed to providing training on navigating multilingualism in student communities after the election of the new leadership in September/October, as well as before Welcoming next year. We will also be available to speak to students and parents about the Language Policy during Welcoming. More about our partnership with the Centre for Student Communities will be communicated soon! If there is something you specifically feel we can offer, please let us know in the meantime.
Here are some language-related events coming up in the second semester – please diarise them and join us:
• 1 August: Language Café – practice speaking the languages you’re learning
• 17 August: Film evening – watch an isiXhosa film and reflect on language and culture
• 6 September: SU Language Day – a multilingualism workshop for faculties and PASS environments
If you are interested in joining any of these events, or if you want to get in touch about multilingualism, please contact Helga Sykstus ([email protected]) or Sanet de Jager ([email protected]).
Siya kusoloko sikwazisa ngenkqubela esiyenzayo kwaye siyaluvuyela unyamezelo loo gxa bethu bonke njengoko sihamba sisonke ukuya phambili.
Ngemikhulu imibuliso
Njgl Stan du Plessis
USihlalo: ECCC
English to Xhosa: Lung Cancer Script
Source text - English CANSA Lung Cancer Script
Breathe in. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, and numbers are rising - particularly amongst women. But there is hope. Breathe out.
In South Africa, lung cancer is not diagnosed or reported often enough. Breathe in. However, the risk of lung cancer can be lowered in as many as 90% of cases. Breathe out. Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer in South Africa, but there are other causes, too. No one is risk-free. But with awareness and action, everyone can be.
[pause voiceover]
Lung cancer is tough to detect, and often only shows up after it has spread. We all cough sometimes, but if you can’t stop - or you’ve got other symptoms - go to a health facility. Test early, beat it early!
If lung cancer is detected, you’ll be referred for specialist care.
The good news? There’s lots you can do to prevent the disease. Did you know that exposure to radon in the house is the second leading cause of lung cancer, and the number one cause in non-smokers? Knowledge is power.
If diagnosed with lung cancer, remember - you CAN win the war. Work with your healthcare team. Follow your treatment plan. Accept help. Be kind to yourself.
English to Xhosa (South African Translators' Institute / Suid-Afrikaanse Vertalersinstituut, verified) English to Xhosa (South African Translators' Institute / Suid-Afrikaanse Vertalersinstituut)
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