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English to Chinese: Parkinson’s disease: blood changes may occur years before diagnosis General field: Medical
Source text - English Although Parkinson’s disease affects around 1%-2% of people over the age of 65, there is currently no cure. And by the time it is diagnosed – typically by identifying problems with movement, such as slower movements and tremors – the changes in the brain it causes are irreversible. So being able to identify Parkinson’s earlier will be important in finding ways to prevent and cure the disease. In our latest study, we have identified changes in blood that occur years before a Parkinson’s diagnosis. This could lead to earlier diagnosis of the disease.
The causes of Parkinson’s aren’t completely understood, but clear links have been established with genetic and environmental risk factors – such as exposure to certain pesticides and solvents. However, we do know that Parkinson’s disease causes the death of certain nerve cells in the brain, due to a combination of abnormal protein accumulation in cells, problems with mitochrondia (the “power stations” of each cell), inflammation and changes in the immune system.
Our study aims to examine markers of inflammation that circulate in the blood of patients with Parkinson’s disease. To conduct the study, we used data from the UK Biobank cohort. This project recruited approximately 500,000 participants between 2006 and 2010 to study how genetics and the environment impact a wide range of diseases. From this cohort, we identified people who had been diagnosed with Parkinson’s during follow-up and compared them to people who had not been diagnosed with the disease. We looked at various markers of inflammation that circulate in the blood, such as the presence of certain proteins and immune cells.
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are one of five types of white blood cell that aid the body’s immune response. There are two distinct sub-types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies that identify and neutralise harmful microbes, while T cells control how other immune cells respond to these microbes.
In our first analysis of the data, we found several inflammatory markers were associated with a later diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. But as we worked through further sub-analyses, we narrowed in on lower lymphocyte count as the main difference between those who did and didn’t develop the disease.
We then went on to examine whether changes in lymphocyte count might cause Parkinson’s, or were merely a result of the disease. To do this we used a method called Mendelian randomisation. This allows us to look at a person’s genetics, and infer whether changes are cause or effect. We found genetic evidence to support that lower lymphocyte count increases Parkinson’s disease risk, as opposed to simply being a sign of undiagnosed Parkinson’s disease.
Our study confirms that changes in lymphocyte count may be picked up on routine blood tests years before diagnosis, and may be linked to increased risk of Parkinson’s disease. However, we don’t yet know why lymphocyte count decreases. There’s still a lot more work that needs to be done to build on this knowledge to develop better treatments for Parkinson’s disease – and perhaps even methods to prevent it.
English to Chinese: From Slime to Sublime General field: Science
Source text - English
USGS Fact Sheet 110–99
Online Version 1.0
The Los Angeles region is underlain by a network of active faults, including many that are deep and do not break the Earth's surface. These hidden faults include the previously unknown one responsible for the devastating January 1994 Northridge earthquake, the costliest quake in U.S. history. So that structures can be built or strengthened to withstand the quakes that are certain in the future, the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment (LARSE) is locating hidden earthquake hazards beneath the region to help scientists determine where the strongest shaking will occur.
On January 17, 1994, the costliest earthquake in the history of the United States struck the Los Angeles region, killing 57 people, leaving 20,000 homeless, and causing more than $20 billion in damage to homes, public buildings, freeways, and bridges. This magnitude 6.7 quake occurred 10 miles beneath the town of Northridge on a previously unknown ramp-like ("thrust") fault not visible at the Earth's surface. Many faults, including such hidden or "blind" faults, in the Los Angeles region are capable of producing even stronger earthquakes.
Home to millions of people, the Los Angeles region is underlain by numerous active faults, many of which cannot be seen at the Earth's surface. One of these hidden faults produced the January 17, 1994, Northridge earthquake, which caused 57 deaths and widespread damage —photo at right shows vehicles stranded by the collapse of sections of Interstate Highway 5. (Top photo courtesy of Arnesen Photography/LACVB, PictureLA.com; by and copyright Erik Arnesen. Photo at right by Brant Ward; copyright San Francisco Chronicle.)
In the aftermath of the Northridge earthquake , residents of the Los Angeles region are asking whether a strong quake can strike near their home and, if so, how hard the ground will shake. Scientists are working to answer these questions so that damage can be reduced in the next big earthquake and future quakes. A crucial step is getting an accurate picture of the network of active faults that underlie the Los Angeles region.
In 1993, scientists from the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and other organizations began the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment (LARSE) to collect seismic images, or pictures, of the Earth's crust beneath the region. The goals of LARSE are to obtain images of faults at depth, especially of blind thrust faults, and also to obtain data on the subsurface shapes of sedimentary basins (large valleys filled with sedimentary deposits). Knowing the configuration of buried faults is crucial to understanding how the earthquake-producing "machinery" works in the Los Angeles region, and information on the thickness and shape of the region's sedimentary basins is essential for predicting how hard the ground will shake in future quakes.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists shown here are using one of the seismographs that record underground sound waves in the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment (LARSE). These recordings are analyzed by powerful computers to produce images of the subsurface of the L.A. region. To generate sound waves, LARSE in part uses small charges set off at the bottoms of holes drilled to more than 60 feet below the ground surface (see photo to right of mobile drill rig).
LARSE uses sound waves traveling beneath the Earth's surface to produce seismic images. These sound waves are generated by underwater bursts of compressed air in the offshore region and by small underground explosions on land. The sound waves from airgun bursts and buried explosions are received by hundreds of portable recording instruments (seismographs). The recorded data are then analyzed by powerful computers to produce images of the subsurface. LARSE also makes use of seismic waves from natural earthquakes. Because the project's explosive charges are small and are set off at the bottoms of holes drilled to more than 60 feet below the ground surface, they do not cause property damage, and there is no chance of their triggering an earthquake. By 1998, the LARSE project had made several important discoveries. Images of the sedimentary basin beneath the San Gabriel Valley show that its depth reaches 3 miles, 50% more than earlier estimates. Because deeper sedimentary basins have greater shaking potential, earthquake hazards in the San Gabriel Valley need to be reevaluated.
The LARSE project is completing the onshore part of the second of two major lines of data collection across the Los Angeles region. LARSE uses hundreds of portable seismographs to record underground sound waves, which are analyzed to create subsurface images of the Earth's crust. In 1994, these sound waves were generated by underwater bursts of compressed air in the offshore region on both Lines 1 and 2 and by small, buried explosive charges on land on Line 1. To complete Line 2, drilling of holes for underground charges starts in the summer of 1999, and actual data collection begins in October. Data collected in 1994 along Line 1 were used to produce the image and diagram at right. Red stars with numbers (magnitudes) are earthquakes of magnitude 5.8 and greater since 1932.Yellow squares along Lines 1 and 2 denote 1994 airgun bursts. Red dots along Line 1 denote 1994 underground charges. Recently active faults are shown in red.
Another major finding is a strongly reflective zone located deep beneath the San Gabriel Mountains. This zone begins at about 12 miles depth near the vertical San Andreas Fault and rises in a ramp-like fashion southward toward the Los Angeles Basin. It appears to connect to the fault system responsible for the 1987 magnitude 5.9 Whittier Narrows earthquake, which occurred on a blind thrust fault. This reflective zone is interpreted as a "master" blind thrust fault that transfers stress and strain upward and southward to a network of faults in the San Gabriel Valley and Los Angeles Basin.
The LARSE data obtained so far have provided answers that could not have been obtained in any other way. The LARSE project is completing the onshore part of the second of two major lines of data collection across the Los Angeles region. This 60-mile line (Line 2) extends from the coast to the Mojave Desert. Drilling of holes for the placing of underground charges starts in the summer of 1999, and actual data collection begins in October.
The LARSE project uses powerful computers to analyze transmitted and reflected underground sound waves to produce images of the Earth's crust, similar to the way in which medical CAT- scan images (transmitted X-rays) and ultrasound images (reflected sound waves) are created. Transmitted sound waves pass through the area being imaged, revealing the geologic structure by the ways they are bent or slowed. Reflected sound waves bounce off faults and rock layers, showing the shapes and depths of those features. Data collected along Line 1 of LARSE were used to create this composite image of the geologic structure beneath the Los Angeles region. Color bands in the upper part of the image, derived from computer analysis of transmitted sound waves, show the speed at which waves pass through different rock types—slower speeds (cooler colors) are in less dense rock. The deeper rectangular part of the image shows results from reflected sound waves—strongly reflective areas are in bright red. The intensely reflective zone deep beneath the San Gabriel Mountains is interpreted by LARSE scientists as a "master" blind thrust fault—a thrust fault that transfers stress and strain from near the San Andreas Fault to the network of faults in the San Gabriel Valley and Los Angeles Basin.
This diagram, based on the subsurface image made along Line 1 of the LARSE project (see above), shows an interpretation of the geologic structure beneath part of the Los Angeles region.
Many faults in the region are capable of producing powerful earthquakes. Vertical faults, such as the San Andreas Fault, commonly are clearly visible at the Earth's surface. However, ramp-like faults, or "thrust" faults, such as the one responsible for the 1987 Whitter Narrows earthquake, often do not break the surface; these hidden faults are targeted by the LARSE project. In this diagram, relative movement on faults is shown by pairs of small arrows. Large white arrows show the oblique direction in which the Pacific Plate (left) and the North American Plate (right) are converging. Red stars with dates and numbers (magnitudes) are earthquakes.
The cooperative efforts of SCEC, USGS, and other scientists in the LARSE project are helping to find hidden faults and areas of potential strong earthquake shaking in the Los Angeles region. This knowledge is essential to making new and existing structures in the region better able to withstand earthquakes. The work of SCEC and USGS scientists in LARSE is only part of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program's ongoing efforts to protect people's lives and property from the earthquakes that are inevitable in southern California and elsewhere in the United States.
By
Thomas L. Henyey, Gary S. Fuis, Mark L. Benthien, Thomas R. Burdette, Shari A. Christofferson,
Robert W. Clayton, Edward E. Criley, Paul M. Davis, James W. Hendley II, Monica D. Kohler,
William J. Lutter, John K. McRaney, Janice M. Murphy, David A. Okaya, Trond Ryberg, Gerald W.
Simila, and Peter H. Stauffer
Web design by Carolyn Donlin
Graphics by Sara Boore, Susan Mayfield, and Stephen Scott
COOPERATING ORGANIZATIONS
California Department of Parks and Recreation
California Department of Transportation
California Division of Mines and Geology
California Office of Emergency Services
California State University, Northridge
Canadian Geological Survey
City of Los Angeles
County of Los Angeles
Copenhagen University, Denmark
GeoForschungsZentrum, Potsdam, Germany
Incorporated Research Institutes for Seismology
Karlsruhe University, Germany
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
Los Angeles Unified School District
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy
Southern California Earthquake Center
University of Texas at El Paso
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
U.S. Bureau of Land Management
U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service
U.S. Naval Weapons Station, Seal Beach
Many private and government landowners
Translation - Chinese
美国地质勘探局 情况说明书 110-99
版本 1.0
了解南加州地震危害
"洛杉矶地区地震实验"项目—为更安全的洛杉矶努力
洛杉矶地区地下有拥有活跃断层网络，这些断层许多非常深邃，并且均在地下。1994年1月北岭地震，是美国历史上经济损失最严重的地震，其罪魁祸首就是这些以前不为人知的隐秘断层。为了建造加强结构来抵御未来会发生的地震，洛杉矶地区地震实验（LARSE）致力于定位地区地下潜在地震威胁，并帮助科学家决定最强地震区在哪。
1994年1月17日，美国历史上造成经济损失最严重的地震袭击了洛杉矶地区，造成57人死亡，2万人无家可归，家庭房屋、公共建筑、高速公路、大桥损失超过200亿美元。 这场地震达6.7级，震源在北岭镇地下10英里处，一个先前未知斜坡状（冲断层）断层上，在地表不可见。 洛杉矶地区有许多断层，其中包括隐藏或是”隐伏“断层；这些断层足以制造威力甚至更大的地震。
洛杉矶地区拥有上百万人口，其地下拥有许多活跃断层，这些断层无法在陆地上观测到。 1994年1月7日，其中一个隐秘断层在北岭镇诱发地震，造成57人死亡以及大面积破坏——右侧图片展示了车辆在5号州际公路坍塌区域受困。 （上方图片由Arnesen Photography/LACVB, PictureLA.com提供 Erik Arnesen拍摄并拥有版权。 右侧照片由Brant Ward拍摄； Francisco Chronicle拥有版权。）
南加利福尼亚地震中心、美国地质勘探局以及洛杉矶地区地震实验项目的科研人员的共同合作，正给予帮助寻找洛杉矶地区潜在的断层以及强震高风险地区。 为在此地区制造全新以及存在的结构来抵御地震，对此知识储备非常重要。 南加州和美国其他地点地震不可避免，国家地震减灾计划致力于保护人民生命和财产来安全，南加利福尼亚地震中心、美国地质勘探局以及洛杉矶地区地震实验项目工作只是其一部分。
作者：
Thomas L. Henyey, Gary S. Fuis, Mark L. Benthien, Thomas R. Burdette, Shari A. Christofferson, Robert W. Clayton, Edward E. Criley, Paul M. Davis, James W. Hendley II, Monica D. Kohler, William J. Lutter, John K. McRaney, Janice M. Murphy, David A. Okaya, Trond Ryberg, Gerald W. Simila, 和 Peter H. Stauffer
网页设计：Carolyn Donlin
图形设计：Sara Boore、Susan Mayfield和Stephen Scott
合作组织
加州公园娱乐部门
加州交通部
加州矿业地质分部
加州紧急服务办公室
加州州立大学北岭分校
加拿大地质调查局
洛杉矶市
洛杉矶县
丹麦哥本哈根大学
德国波茨坦地质研究中心
地震学联合研究所
德国卡尔斯鲁厄大学
拉蒙特-多尔蒂地球天文台
洛杉矶联合学区
南加州大都会水务局
圣莫尼卡山脉保护协会
南加州地震中心
德克萨斯大学埃尔帕索分校
美国陆军工兵部队
美国土地管理局
美国农业部， 美国林业部
海豹滩美国海军武器站
其他许多私人及政府土地地主。
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Years of experience: 5. Registered at ProZ.com: Mar 2023.
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