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Sample translations submitted: 1
Spanish to English: Article by Joaquín Guerrero Muñoz, published online in Revista de Antropología Experimental in 2011 General field: Social Sciences Detailed field: Anthropology
Source text - Spanish Las creencias acerca de la naturaleza y el sentido de la discapacidad estaban presentes en el discurso científico desde el siglo XIX. Por ejemplo, la creencia de que las personas con discapacidad intelectual son como niños es una idea arraigada en la cultura occidental que se remonta a la antigua Grecia.
En el pensamiento antropológico alcanzó su plenitud en el siglo XIX coincidiendo con el apogeo del evolucionismo cultural. Desde lá óptica evolucionalista, el comportamiento de una persona con discapacidad intelectual no distaba demasiado de aquel otro que manifestaban los individuos pertenecientes a una cultura ubicada en la etapa de savajismo. En realidad, a la vista de los antropólogos evolucionalistas, los nativos de una sociedad primitiva eran como niños, permanecían todavía en la infancia de la humanidad, y por tanto convenía tratarles de forma paternalista enseñándoles conductas adecuadas y procurándoles aprendizajes y experiencias que incentivaran su progreso social. Pensar que una persona con discapacidad intelectual es alguien que se comporta como un niño, lógicamente conduce a considerarlo incapaz de realizar determinadas tareas o de tomar decisiones por sí mismo. En definitiva, en el caso concreto de las personas con discapacidad intelectual, éstas se convierten así en individuos tutelados por la sociedad que nunca alcanzarán la mayoría de edad desde un punto de vista social.
Esta creencia condiciona incluso la forma de relacionarnos con la discapacidad como hecho sociocultural. La etnografía de la discapacidad se ha ocupado precisamente de recabar datos acerca de las formas culturales que asume esta realidad, de compararlos entre sí, de comprobar sus variaciones a lo largo del tiempo, y de identificar la idea que las personas manejan acerca de la discapacidad, tanto física, como sensorial o cognitiva.
Un avance importante en la investigación etnográfica es el que tuvo lugar con las etnografías de Robert Bogdan y Steven J. Taylor, quienes proponen una orientación basada en el construccionismo social, en el comportamiento humanos son el resultado de la forma en que las personas definen e interpretan el mundo que les rodea. La discapacidad intelectual es fundamentalmente una construcción social. Frente a algunos planteamientos centrados en el determinismo que emana de las teorías del estigma o del estereotipo negativo, Bogdan y Taylor invocan la investigación de aquellas situaciones en las que no parece ocurrir la fatal dinámica deshumanizadora del estigma, intentan destacar una orientación más benévola y certera que la planteada por la visión determinista del estigma, un programa hacia una sociología de la aceptación en la que discapacidad no necesariamente implica una forma de exclusión social y de pérdida de los atributos humanos.
Translation - English Beliefs surrounding the nature and meaning of disability have been present in scientific discourse since the 19th century. For example, the belief that people with learning disabilities are like children is a deeply-rooted idea in western culture which dates back to Ancient Greece.
This belief reached the height of its popularity within anthropological thought in the 19th century, around the same time as cultural evolutionism peaked. Seen through the lens of Evolutionism, the behaviour of a person with a learning disability was not that far removed from that of an individual belonging to a culture found in the barbarian phase [of human history]/culture characterised as barbarian.
In reality, according to evolutionary anthropologists, those natives of so-called primitive societies were child-like, stuck in the early stages of human development, and therefore treating them in a paternalistic way was seen as acceptable; teaching them appropriate behaviours, providing them with learning and experiences designed to accelerate their integration into society. If one assumes that a person with a learning disability will behave like a child, one will inevitably consider them incapable of carrying out certain tasks or making decisions for themselves. If people with learning disabilities are assumed to behave like children, they will be regarded as incapable of carrying out certain tasks or making their own decisions. In the particular case of people with learning disabilities, this is effectively how they become individuals in society’s care, and they will never reach maturity within that society.
This belief can even shapes the way that we relate to disability as a sociocultural fact. The ethnography of disability has specifically focussed on gathering data on the culturally specific forms that the reality of disability has assumed. Ethnographers compare the data, tracking any variation over time, to identify how people view disability in its physical, sensory or cognitive forms.
A significant advancement in ethnographic research is the one that has emerged from the work of ethnographers Robert Bogdan and Steven J. Taylor, who propound an approach based on social constructionism, symbolic interactionism, and phenomenology. They maintain that human actions and behaviours are the result of the way in which people define and interpret the world that they inhabit. Intellectual disability is fundamentally a social construct. Some approaches are centred on the deterministic theories that stem from the stigma and labelling theory, according to which a person labelled as disabled avoid the inevitable exclusion and rejection by society as a result of this stigma or negative stereotyping. Faced with these approaches, Bogdan and Taylor call upon research to be done into those situations in which the fatal dehumanising dynamic of stigma does not occur. They attempt to underscore a more benevolent and accurate approach than that proposed by the deterministic vision [which seeks to stigmatise]. They argue the need for a programme directed at a sociology of acceptance in which disability does not automatically imply social exclusion and the loss of human attributes.
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Graduate diploma - Gama Filho University & University of Westminster
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Years of experience: 8. Registered at ProZ.com: Jul 2019.
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