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English to Arabic: مصادر الطاقة البديلة General field: Science Detailed field: Energy / Power Generation
Source text - English Alternative energy encompasses all those things that do not consume fossil fuel. They are widely available and environment friendly. They cause little or almost no pollution. There have been several alternative energy projects running in various countries to reduce our dependence on traditional fossil fuels. There are many impressive options that you can take into consideration. Here in you will learn more about alternative energy sources that you can take into consideration.
Wind Energy
This is one of the energy sources that have been in use for a very long time and for centuries. It was used in powering sailing ships, which made it possible for explorers to sail around their trade routes in distant lands. A single windmill can power the crop irrigation, and the family energy needs, water pumping and electric lights. However, in the present time there are several windmills that are used to generate required energy mostly for industrial uses. Many of the wind turbines can capture much power all at once before feeding it to the power grid. This is commonly known as wind farms and has been in use for many years all round the world. It is only the United States that is going slow in terms of accepting this alternative energy source.
Wind power is renewable source of energy and reduces our alliance on foreign countries for supply of oil and gas. It does not cause any air pollution and have created several jobs in last few decades. Advancement in technologies has brought down the cost of setting up wind power plant. Wind energy can only be used in areas which experience high winds which mean that it cannot be used as a source to extract energy anywhere on earth. They sometimes create noise disturbances and cannot be used near residential areas. These disadvantages have made the use of wind energy to particular regions only.
Translation - Arabic تشمل مصادر الطاقة البديلة كافة الأشياء التي لا تستهلك الوقود الحفري. لاسيما تتوافر هذه المصادر بشكلٍ كبيرٍ ولا تضر بالبيئة. إلا أنها قد تسبب تلوثاً طفيفاً أو في الغالب لا تسببه. وهناك العديد من مشروعات الطاقة البديلة الجاري تنفيذها في دولٍ عديدةٍ كي تحدّ من اعتمادنا على مصادر الوقود الحفري التقليدية. وثمة خيارات عدة رائعة يمكنك أخذها بعين الاعتبار. فيما يلي سوف تعلم الكثير عن مصادر الطاقة البديلة التي يمكنك أخذها في الاعتبار.
طاقة الرياح
تُعد طاقة الرياح أحد مصادر الطاقة التي استخدمها الإنسان منذ زمنٍ طويلٍ ولعدة قرون. ولقد استخدمت الرياح في تزويد السفن الشراعية بالطاقة كي يتمكن المستكشفين من الإبحار نحو طرق تجارتهم في البلاد البعيدة. وتستطيع طاحونة هواء واحدة توليد الطاقة اللازمة لريّ المحاصيل و لتلبية الاحتياجات اللازمة للأسرة من طاقة لضخ المياة ولإنارة الأضواء الكهربية. من ناحية أخرى تستخدم في الوقت الحالي عدة طواحين هوائية لتوليد الطاقة اللازمة للاستخدامات الصناعية. يستطيع الكثير من مولدات الكهرباء الهوائية الحصول على قدرٍ كبيرٍ من الطاقة دفعةً واحدةً قبل تزويد شبكة الطاقة بها. يشيع تعريف هذا النمط باسم مزارع الرياح ويستخدم منذ عدة سنوات في كل أرجاء العالم. تظل الولايات المتحدة بمفردها متأخرة في قبول هذا النوع من مصادر الطاقة البديلة.
طاقة الرياح
هي أحد مصادر الطاقة المتجددة التي تقلل من اعتمادنا على الدول الغربية لإمدادنا بالنفط والغاز. كما أنها لا تسبب أي تلوث للهواء ومن ثم أدى استخدامها إلى إنجاز أعمال عديدة في العقود القليلة الماضية. وقد أدى التقدم التكنولوجي لتخفيض تكلفة إنشاء محطات توليد الطاقة بالرياح غير أنه لا يمكن استخدام الرياح في توليد الطاقة إلا في مناطق بعينها كتلك التي تجتاحها الرياح العاتية فحسب. وهذا يعني أنه لا يمكن استخدام الرياح كمصدر لتوليد الطاقة في أي مكان على وجه الأرض. إذ أنها في بعض الأحيان تسبب حدوث تلوث ضوضائي ولا يمكن استخدامها بالقرب من المناطق السّكنية. وفي النهاية فقد جعلت هذه المساوئ استخدام طاقة الرياح قاصراً على مناطق معينة دون غيرها.
English to Arabic: The Fitra and Islam (Religious translation
Source text - English معنى الإسلام اصطلاحاً
ورد العديد من التعاريف لمصطلح الإسلام، ولكنها في مجملها لا تُخرج معناه اصطلاحاً عن معناه اللغوي في كونه استسلاما و إخلاصا وانقيادا وخضوعا لله سبحانه وتعالى في العبادة.
وهذا هو معنى الإسلام الحقيقي الذي عرّفه لنا رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم في الحديث المشهور عندما جاءه جبريل عليه السلام بهيئة رجل وقال: يا محمد أخبرني عَنْ الإسلام؟ فقَالَ رَسُول اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم: "الإسلام أن تشهد أن لا إله إلا اللَّه وأن محمدا رَسُول اللَّهِ، وتقيم الصلاة، وتؤتي الزكاة، وتصوم رمضان، وتحج البيت إن استطعت إليه سبيلا".
وفي رواية أخرى للحديث نفسه: " الإسلام أن تعبد الله ولا تشرك به شيئا، وتقيم الصلاة، وتؤتي الزكاة المفروضة، وتصوم رمضان"( ).
والمطلع على تعريف مصطلح الإسلام في المراجع الإسلامية، يُلاحظ أن جميع تعاريف علماء الإسلام لمصطلح الإسلام- وإن اختلفت مفرداتهم وأساليبهم وتعبيراتهم التي استخدموها في هذه التعاريف- تدور حول مضمون الحديث النبوي الشريف المذكور آنفاً ودلالته، وُيلاحِظ أيضاً تطرق عدد منهم للتفريق بين معنى الإسلام ومعنى الإيمان، ولكن هذا ليس مبحثنا هنا، بل نكتفي بذكر بعض تعاريف مصطلح الإسلام دون الخوض في تفاصيل الفروق بين الإسلام والإيمان.
وإذا عرضنا شيئا من هذه التعاريف نجد بأن البعض- أمثال ابن تيمية وابن رجب الحنبلي رحمهم الله -يرون أن "الإسلام هو الاستسلام لله، لا لغيره، بأن تكون العبادة والطاعة له والذل، وذلك يكون بالعمل" هو حقيقة لا إله إلا الله"( ).
ويزيد ابن القيم( ) على محتوى التعريف السابق (اتباع رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم)، وهنا يكون التعريف أجمع مما سبقه حيث يقول: إن "الإسلام هو توحيد الله وعبادته وحده لا شريك له، والإيمان بالله ورسوله واتّباعه فيما جاء به"( ).
وعرّفه الدكتور عبد الكريم زيدان( ) بأنه "النظام العام والقانون الشامل لأمور الحياة ومناهج السلوك للإنسان التي جاء بها محمد صلّى الله عليه وسلّم من ربه وأمره بتبليغها إلى الناس، وما يترتب على اتباعها أو مخالفتها من ثواب أو عقاب"( ).
ومنهم من قسّم معنى الإسلام إلى حالتين، وذلك حسب ورود لفظه في القرآن الكريم. كما يرى الحكمي أنه: "إن أُطلق هذا اللفظ منفردا دون اقترانه بذكر الإيمان، فهو حينئذ يراد به الدين كله أصوله وفروعه من اعتقاداته وأقواله وأفعاله. أما الحالة الثانية أن يُطلق مقترنا بالاعتقاد، فهو حينئذ يراد به الأعمال والأقوال الظاهرة"( ). وهنا يعطي الكاتب تفسيرا لمعنى لإسلام في مركزاً على معنى الإيمان والاعتقاد.
وبالنظر إلى كل التعاريف المذكورة، أرى بأن تعريف الدكتور زيدان هو التعريف الذي اختاره، فقد حوى من المعاني ما افتقدته غيرها من التعاريف الأخرى، فقد استخدم الكاتب في تعريفه للإسلام الكلمات والمعاني السلسة والمبسطة التي تناسب جميع العقول، وأدّى فيه المعنى العام والشامل له.
فإن الإسلام نظام ربّاني عام لكل حياة الإنسان، وقانون شامل لجميع تفاصيلها، يضبطها ويعالج كل معضلاتها ويفسر كل تساؤلاتها، ويرسم للناس منهجاً قويماً يسير بهم إلى السعادة الدنيوية والأخروية.
ويجدر الإشارة إلى أن مضمون التعاريف المختلفة متقارب إلى حد كبير، وأن المقصد من وراء سرد التعاريف المتنوعه والمتعددة لمصطلح الإسلام هو كما ذكر الدكتور زيدان في كتابه (أصول الدعوة) حيث يرى بأن القصد منها هو: "أن يجد الداعي بين يديه جملة من التعاريف يستطيع أن يختار منها ما يناسب حال المدعو من جهة مدى فهمه وثقافته وعلمه وسلامة فطرته، ونوع الشبهات التي غشيت قلبه، والمعاني التي هو بحاجة إلى معرفتها عن الإسلام أكثر من غيرها"
معنى الفطرة الإنسانية إصطلاحاً
اختلف العلماء في معنى الفطرة اختلافاً واسعاً على عدة أقوال. وأصل هذا الاختلاف معتمد على تفسير معنى الفطرة المذكورة في الحديث الشريف الذي رُوي في الصحيحين، ففي صحيح البخاري عن أَبي هريرة رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ، قال: قَالَ النَّبِيُّ : "كلّ مولُود يولَد على الفِطْرَة ، فأبواهُ يُهَوِّدَانِهِ ، أَوْ يُنَصِّرَانِهِ ، أَوْ يُمَجِّسَانِهِ، كمثل البهيمة تُنْتَجُ البهيمة هل ترى فيها جَدْعَاءَ؟"( )، وفي رواية أخرى للبخاري( )عن أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه قال: قال رسول الله : "ما من مولود إلا يولد على الفطرة. فأبواه يُهَوِّدَانِهِ و يُنَصِّرَانِهِ و يُمَجِّسَانِهِ كما تُنْتَجُ البهيمة بهيمة جمعاء هل تحسون فيها من جَدْعَاءَ ؟" ثم يقول: "{فِطْرَةَ اللَّهِ الَّتِي فَطَرَ النَّاسَ عَلَيْهَا لاَ تَبْدِيلَ لِخَلْقِ اللَّهِ}[الروم:30]""( ). وعند مسلم( ) في صحيحه عن أبي هريرة أنه كان يقول: قال رسول الله : "ما من مولود إلا يولد على الفطرة. فأبواه يهودانه وينصرانه ويمجسانه. كما تنتج البهيمة بهيمة جمعاء هل تحسون فيها من جدعاء؟" ثم يقول أبو هريرة:" واقرؤا إن شئتم فطرة الله التي فطر الناس عليها لا تبديل لخلق الله [الروم: 30[""( )، وفي رواية أخرى لمسلم، عن أبي هريرة قال: قال رسول الله : (ما من مولود إلا يولد على الفطرة فأبواه يهودانه وينصرانه ويشركانه فقال رجل يا رسول الله أرأيت لو مات قبل ذلك قال الله أعلم بما كانوا عاملين)( ).
والسبب الرئيسي لهذا الخلاف في معنى الفطرة هو أن "القدريّة( ) يحتجون بهذا الحديث على أن الكفر والمعاصي ليس بقضاء الله وقدره، بل مما ابتدأ الناس إحداثه"
Translation - Arabic The Terminological Meaning of Islam
There are many definitions for the term "Islam", but comprehensively the terminological meaning does not go beyond its lexical meaning, which means safeguard, peace, faithful worship and submission to Allah, The Most Exalted.
This is the real meaning of Islam that was told by the prophet, peace be upon him, in the famous hadith, when Jibril, peace be upon him, appeared a man dressed and said: "O Muhammad! Tell me about "Islam"? The prophet, peace be upon him, said: "Islam" is to testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah, and that Muhammad (peace be upon him) is the Messenger of Allah; that you observe Salat (prayers), pay Zakat, observe Sawm (fasting) of Ramadan and perform Hajj (pilgrimage) of the House, provided you have resources of making journey to it."1Beside to another narration to the same hadith: "Worship Allah, and never associate anything with Him, establish Salat, pay the Zakat which has been enjoined upon you, and observe Sawm of Ramadan."
The knowledgeable about the definition of "Islam" in the Islamic references observes that the different definitions of it, which were adopted by the Muslim scholars-despite the different vocabularies, styles and expressions, used in their definitions- focus on the context of the holy prophetic hadith mentioned before and its indication.
In addition, it is notably that a group of those scholars concerned with the differentiation between the meaning of "Islam" and (Iman) Belief, but this is not our core research here.
However, the researcher just mentions some definitions of the term "Islam" without going into the differences between "Islam" and (Iman) Belief in details.
If some of these definitions are proposed, it appears that some scholars such as: Ibn Taimia1 and Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali, may Allah grant them mercy, define "Islam" as the submission to Allah, no one except Him; and the worship, obedience and submission are for Him alone and this is done through actions."Certainly, this is the truth of No Go but Allah".
Ibn al-Qayyim adds to the content of the previous definition (following the messenger of Allah peace be upon him).
Hence, the definition will be more comprehensive than what preceded as he says that "Islam is the faith in the oneness of Allah and the worship is to be for Him only without a participant with Him. Beside to believing in Allah and His messenger following what he was revealed".
The professor Abdul Karim Zidan defined it as " the general system and the comprehensive law of the life matters and the codes of conduct of the human beings which revealed to the prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, from his Lord who ordered him to tell them for people.
In addition, the outcomes of either following or opposing them either by getting a reward or by receiving a punishment.
Some scholars divided the meaning of "Islam" into two states according to mentioning the word "Islam" in the Holy Quran. For instance, Al Hakami'sview is that "if this term was mentioned separately without associating it with belief (Iman), it means the religion entirely with its fundamental concepts and branches such as the dogmas, speeches and actions. On the other hand, if it is associated with belief this means the apparent actions and speechs".
Therefore, the writer explains the meaning of "Islam" adopting the meaning of faith and belief.
Considering all the mentioned definitions, the researcher thinks that professor Zidan's definition is the one to be adopted.
Mainly, because it contains the meanings that are lost in other ones, because the writer used in his definition of "Islam" the simple and easy words and meanings suitable for all minds and provides the general and comprehensive meaning of Islam in it.
Specifically, "Islam" is a divine and general system of the human life as a whole and it is a comprehensive law of all its details, as it regulates and amends each of its dilemmas and answers all of its inquiries.
Moreover, it provides a proper scheme in order to obtain to people the happiness in the life and after death.
It is worth mentioning, that the context of the different definitions is significantly cognate. Furthermore, the purpose of mentioning the various and different definitions of the term Islam is, as the professor Zidan mentioned in his book (The Origins of Call) as he thinks, is that "a Muslim preacher (Daa'i) finds a group of definitions, that enables him to choose the suitable one according to the people whom he calls as it suits their understanding, education, their Fitra and the suspicions that arouse in their hearts and the meanings that they need to know more about Islam than otherwise".
The Terminological Meaning of the Human Fitra
Scholars differed in defining the word Fitra significantly in various opinions.
The origin of this differentiation depends mainly on the interpretation of the meaning of Fitra mentioned in the prophetic hadith, which was narrated in the two Sahihs.
Specifically, in another narration by Al Bukhari, Abu Huraira Narrated: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, "Every child is born with a true faith of Islam (i.e. to worship none but Allah Alone) and his parents convert him to Judaism or Christianity or Magianism, as an animal delivers a perfect baby animal.
Do you find it mutilated?".
In another narration for Al- Bukhari about Abi- Huraira, may Allah be Pleased with him, said: "No child is born except on Al-Fitra (Islam) and then his parents make him Jewish, Christian or Magian, as an animal produces a perfect young animal: do you see any part of its body amputated?" Then he recited: {فِطْرَةَ اللَّهِ الَّتِي فَطَرَ النَّاسَ عَلَيْهَا لاَ تَبْدِيلَ لِخَلْقِ اللَّهِ} [الروم:30]
{Allah's handiwork according to the pattern on which He has made mankind: no change (let there be) in the work (wrought) by Allah} [Surah: Ar- Rum]3. In Muslim's4 narration in his Sahih, about Abi- Huraira, may Allah be Pleased with him, said: "There is none but is created to his true nature (Islam).
It is his parents, who make him a Jew or a Christian or a Magian quite as beasts produce their young with their limbs perfect. Do you see anything deficient in them?" Then he said recite if you want,
{فِطْرَةَ اللَّهِ الَّتِي فَطَرَ النَّاسَ عَلَيْهَا لاَ تَبْدِيلَ لِخَلْقِ اللَّهِ}[الروم:30]
{Allah's handiwork according to the pattern on which He has made mankind: no change (let there be) in the work (wrought) by Allah} [Surah: Ar- Rum]. Furthermore, there is another narration for Muslim, about Abi- Huraira, may Allah be Pleased with him, said: "No babe is born but upon Fitra. It is his parents, who make him a Jew or a Christian or a Polytheist. A person said: Allah's Messenger, what is your opinion if they were to die before that (before reaching the age of adolescence when they can distinguish between right and wrong)? He said: It is Allah alone Who knows what they would be doing".
The main reason of this opposition about the meaning of Fitra is that "Qadariyah1oppose with this hadith that atheism and sins are not determined by Allah's fate and destiny, but they are originated by people."
The First Meaning: the Origination or the Innate Nature upon which They Are Created
This meaning adopted by Ahmad Ibn Hanbal in a narration, Al- Qadi Abu Ya'la, Imam Malik3and others also.
As for them, they said: the purpose of the prophet's speech, peace be upon him is: "No child is born except on Fitra means that: Allah created the creatures and originated them to live, die, suffer, feel happiness and when they reach the adolescence they divert from their parents and their belief. Definitely, this is the innate nature that Allah created them upon it. Fitra in the Arabs' speech means the origination and the ( F) ̅at▁e r is the Originator and the Initiator4.
This sect of scholars opposed relying on Ibn Abbas's5 speech, May Allah be Pleased with him: "I did not know what is the Originator of the heavens and the earth until two Bedouins came quarreling each other about a well, one of them said: I ) fa ̅tar ̇ta ̅ha: فطرتها) that means originated it.6"As for "Allah's speech::{فَاطِرِ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالأَرْضِ}[فاطر:1]{Who created (out of nothing) the heavens and the earth,} [Surah Fatir: 1]it means the Originator of them. If the Fitra means the originated innate nature in them, this means that it is put in the first creature and inherited consecutively by the descendants; certainly because it is the status of their origination"1. However, they disagreed with the meaning of Fitra mentioned in the hadith: (every child is born upon Fitra)2thatAllah created them upon denial, apostasy and belief; this is significantly clarified in Allah's speech, The Most Exalted:
:{وَإِذْ أَخَذَ رَبُّكَ مِن بَنِي آدَمَ مِن ظُهُورِهِمْ ذُرِّيَّتَهُمْ وَأَشْهَدَهُمْ عَلَى أَنفُسِهِمْ أَلَسْتَ بِرَبِّكُمْ قَالُواْ بَلَى َهِدْنَا أَن تَقُولُواْ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ إِنَّا كُنَّا عَنْ هَذَا غَافِلِين}[الأعراف:172]
{When thy Lord drew forth from the Children of Adam - from their loins - their descendants, and made them testify concerning themselves, (saying): "Am I not your Lord (who cherishes and sustains you)?"- They said: "Yea! We do testify!" (This), lest ye should say on the Day of Judgment: "Of this we were never mindful:} [Surah: Al-A'raf: 172]: Allah asked Adam's children to testify against themselves that Allah is their Lord and The Only King of the universe and that there is no God worthy of worship except Him. Allah created them on this Fitra. Comparatively, the happiness seekers approved willingly with their hearts, while the torture seekers approved without willingness3.
With respect to this opinion, it appears that who hold it relied verily on one linguistic meaning of the word Fitra as the origination. As for their opinion, they extracted the Quranic verses and the prophetic hadiths that tackle the term Fitra which indicate this meaning only. It is worth considering that there are various evidences confirm the other linguistic meanings that the researcher mentioned in defining the Fitra linguistically. They will be mentioned in the different opinions that will be indicated afterward.
Arabic to English (Egyptian Translators& Linguists Association, verified) Arabic to English (The American University in Cairo, verified) English to Arabic (Ain Shams University (Faculty of Al-Alsun), verified) English to Arabic (Egyptian Translators & Linguists' Association, verified) English to Arabic (The American University in Cairo, verified)
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Profile:
Punctual and motivated individual who is able to work in a busy
environment and produce high standards of work.
Excellent team worker and able to take instructions from all levels
and build up good working relationships with all colleagues.
Able to deal with vulnerable and sometimes challenging customers.
Flexible, reliable and possess excellent time keeping skills.
Considerate, patient and communicative.
Academic background
BA (Arts) English Language - Ain Shams University 2003
Certificate of Translation& Interpretation Diploma- The American University in Cairo
Certificate of Accreditation
Egyptian Translators& Linguists Association
Courses
0ngoing MA Education (Innovation in Learning and Teaching).
Transcreation Course by the Arab School of Translation.
Religious Translation Course by the Arab School of Translation.
TPE Training Course & Train Me Training Course online
sponsored by Transproof Egypt (by Mr. Ashraf Amer)
Acquisition of Basic Business Skills (BBSA) sponsored by AMIDEAST and New Horizons Learning Centers.
Translation Course sponsored by the Consultations Center in Ain Shams University.
Higher Institute for Islamic Studies sponsored by the Ministry of Higher Education.
Language skills
Excellent command of Arabic
Excellent command of English
Computer skills
Known operating system: Windows 97, Windows XP, Windows 2000, Windows Vista, Windows 7 Ultimate, Windows 8& 10.
Known Office Package: Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Outlook
CAT Tools
Professional user of SDL Trados.
Professional user of Wordfast.
Career history
2003 -2004
Research coordinator in Cairo Liver Center
Responsible for providing the research group with the required data
Responsible for editing medical booklets and designing presentations for the medical conferences.
2005
Translator and Editor in YAT Computer Center
Translating documents and course-books from Arabic<> English.
Editing and proofreading the course-books.
2006
Partner in EgyTalk Center for Learning Languages
Teaching and providing a classroom presence and contributing to the positive ethos of the center.
Putting students first by demonstrating energy, vision and creativity.
2007 – Present Freelance Translator
Translating in different fields from English to Arabic and vice versa.
Personal Information
Birth Date: 10th July 1982 Nationality: Egyptian
Interests: Reading and searching
References are available on request
Keywords: General, Religious, General Science, education, humanity sciences, conversations, General Economics, Financial, Transcription, Summarizing. See more.General, Religious, General Science, education, humanity sciences, conversations, General Economics, Financial, Transcription, Summarizing, History. See less.
Expertise