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English to Spanish: Nuclear Winter in the Post-Cold War Era General field: Science Detailed field: Science (general)
Source text - English 1. Nuclear Winter: The Decade-Long Debate
In the early 1980s, there were some 60,000 nuclear weapons on the planet - all but a few thousand in the hands of the USA and the then Soviet Union. Between 10,000 and 13,000 on each side were strategic weapons that could be carried by missile or aircraft halfway around the world. The remainder were less potent theater or tactical weapons, most of which nevertheless had a higher explosive yield than the bombs that obliterated Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This was also the moment when we were hearing - mainly from US strategists and politicians - that nuclear war was 'survivable' and even 'winnable'.
At just the same time, atmospheric and planetary scientists accidentally discovered that - as bad as the prompt and local effects of nuclear war would be - the delayed and global consequences might be much worse.
In 1982, Paul Crutzen and John Birks noted that forest fires ignited in a such a war could generate enough smoke to obscure the sun and perturb the atmosphere over large areas. The following year, we and our colleagues - Turco, Toon, Ackerman, Pollack, and Sagan (TTAPS) - recognized that the smoke from the burning of modern cities would provide a still more serious threat, and quantified the resulting climatic effects from various sources of soot and dust and for a wide range of possible nuclear war scenarios.
Provided cities were targeted, even a 'small' nuclear war could have disastrous climatic consequences; a global war, we calculated, might lower average planetary temperatures by 15 to 20?C, darken the skies sufficiently to compromise green plant photosynthesis, produce a witches' brew of chemical and radioactive poisons, and significantly deplete the protective ozone layer. (The climate is thought to recover several years later.) These effects, which had been almost wholly overlooked by the world's military establishments, we described as 'nuclear winter'.
Translation - Spanish 1. El invierno nuclear: El debate de una década.
En los años 80 había cerca de 60,000 armas nucleares en el planeta, todas salvo unas miles estaban en posesión de E.E.U.U. y la Unión Soviética. Entre 10,000 y 13,000 de cada bando eran armas estratégicas que podían ser transportadas por misil o aeronave al otro lado del mundo. El resto de las armas menos potentes eran tácticas o de teatro, sin embargo la mayoría tenían una carga explosiva mayor que las bombas que destruyeron Hiroshima y Nagasaki. Este también fue el momento cuando escuchamos, principalmente por parte de estrategas y políticos estadounidenses, que la guerra nuclear se podía "sobrevivir" e incluso "ganar".
Justo al mismo tiempo, climatólogos y astrónomos planetarios descubrieron accidentalmente que, sin importar que tan malos pudieran ser los efectos inmediatos y locales de la guerra nuclear, las consecuencias globales retardadas podrían ser peores. En 1982 Paul Crutzen y John Birks indicaron que los incendios forestales causados por dicha guerra podrían generar suficiente humo para bloquear el sol y perturbar la atmósfera sobre áreas extensas. El año siguiente, junto con nuestros colegas, Turco, Toon, Ackerman, Pollack y Sagan (TAAPS), reconocimos que el humo del incendio de ciudades modernas podría presentar una amenaza más seria, y cuantificamos los efectos climáticos resultantes de varias fuentes de hollín y polvo y de una amplia gama de escenarios nucleares posibles.
Si se atacara a las ciudades, incluso una "pequeña" guerra nuclear tendría consecuencias climáticas desastrosas; una guerra global, calculamos, podría reducir la temperatura promedio del planeta de 15 a 20 °C, oscurecería los cielos lo suficiente para poner en peligro la fotosíntesis de las plantas, produciría un brebaje de venenos químicos y radioactivos y disminuiría significativamente la capa de ozono. (Se cree que el ambiente se recuperaría varios años después.) Estos efectos, que han sido ignorados casi por completo por la milicia del mundo, son descritos como "invierno nuclear".
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