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English to Italian: Cancer Epigenetics: From Mechanism to Therapy, Dawson & Kouzarides 2012, Cell, 150, 12 General field: Medical Detailed field: Genetics
Source text - English Histone Phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues has been documented on all core and most variant histones. Phosphorylation alters the charge of the protein, affecting its ionic properties and influencing the overall structure and function of the local chromatin environment. The phosphorylation of histones is integral to essential cellular processes such as mitosis, apoptosis, DNA repair, replication, and transcription. Generally speaking, the specific histone phosphorylation sites on core histones can be divided into two broad categories: (1) those involved in transcription regulation, and (2) those involved in chromatin condensation. Notably, several of these histone modifications, such as H3S10, are associated with both categories.
Kinases are the main orchestrators of signal transduction pathways conveying extracellular cues within the cell. Altered expression, coding mutations, and recurrent translocations involving signaling kinases are some of the most frequent oncogenic phenomena described in cancer. Many of these kinases have established roles as signal transducers in the cytoplasm; however, it has recently been recognized that some kinases may also have nuclear functions, which include the phosphorylation of histones (Figure 5). One such enzyme is the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, JAK2, which is frequently amplified or mutated in the hematological malignancies.
Translation - Italian Fosforilazione degli istoni. In tutti gli istoni del core e nella maggior parte delle varianti istoniche è stata documentata la fosforilazione dei residui di serina, treonina e tirosina. La fosforilazione altera la carica delle proteine, cambiando le loro proprietà ioniche e modificando la struttura generale e la funzione dell’ambiente cromatinico locale. La fosforilazione degli istoni è parte integrante di processi cellulari essenziali come la mitosi, l’apoptosi, la riparazione del DNA, la replicazione e la trascrizione. In termini generali, i siti specifici di fosforilazione degli istoni del core possono essere suddivisi in due grandi categorie: (1) quelli che partecipano alla regolazione della trascrizione, e (2) quelli che partecipano alla condensazione della cromatina. Va notato che alcune di queste modificazioni degli istoni, come H3S10, sono associate a entrambe le categorie.
Le chinasi sono le principali responsabili delle vie di trasduzione attraverso le quali i segnali extracellulari vengono trasmessi all’interno della cellula. Alcuni dei più frequenti fenomeni oncogeni descritti nel cancro, come le alterazioni dell’espressione, le mutazioni della codificazione e le traslocazioni ricorrenti, interessano le chinasi di segnalazione. È nota la funzione di trasduzione svolta da molte di queste chinasi nel citoplasma; è stato però scoperto, recentemente, che alcune chinasi possono anche svolgere funzioni all’interno del nucleo, fra cui la fosforilazione degli istoni (Figura 5). Un enzima di questo tipo è la tirosin-chinasi non recettoriale JAK2, che nelle neoplasie ematologiche maligne spesso risulta sovraespressa o mutata.
English to Italian: Brain glucose sensing and counterregulatory response to hypoglycaemia (Review), Koska et al. 2013, Acta Physiologica Hungarica, 100 (2), 133 General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical: Health Care
Source text - English Central glucose sensors are significantly involved in the rapid response to hypoglycaemia in order to increase the blood glucose level via sympathetic action on the liver. Both glucose-excited and glucose-inhibited neurons were found in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), lateral hypothalamus (LH), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), arcuate nucleus (AN), and dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMNX) (6). In addition also area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarii contain several groups of glucose sensing neurons.
The key role of VMH in sympatho-adrenal response to hypoglycaemia has been verified beyond any doubt. Acute sympatho-adrenal response can be triggered by direct injection of glucose antimetabolites: 5-thioglucose (5-TG) or 2-deoxi D-glucose (2DG) into the carotid artery or directly into the VMH resulting in epinephrine and glucagon release. Inversely direct glucose infusion into the VMH can inhibit the sympatho-adrenal response to hypoglycaemia (23).
Translation - Italian I sensori centrali di glucosio partecipano in modo significativo alla risposta acuta all'ipoglicemia, che ha la funzione di aumentare la glicemia mediante un'azione simpatica sul fegato. Sono stati individuati sia neuroni GE sia neuroni GI nel VMH, nell'ipotalamo laterale (LH), nel PVN, nell'AN e nel DMNX (6). Inoltre, anche l'area postrema e il nucleo del tratto solitario contengono alcuni gruppi di neuroni sensibili al glucosio.
Il ruolo del VMH nella risposta del sistema simpatico-adrenergico all'ipoglicemia è stato stabilito con certezza. È possibile indurre una risposta acuta del sistema simpatico-adrenergico (la liberazione di adrenalina e glucagone) iniettando antimetaboliti del glucosio, il 5-tioglucosio (5-TG) o il 2-desossi-D-glucosio (2DG), direttamente nell'arteria carotidea o nel VMH. Viceversa, la risposta del sistema simpatico-adrenergico all'ipoglicemia può essere inibita da un'infusione diretta di glucosio nel VMH (23).
English to Spanish: The Endocrine System at a Glance, B. Greenstein & D. Wood, Wiley-Blackwell General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical (general)
Source text - English The pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system. Anterior pituitary corticotrophs synthesize a glycoprotein which contains the complete amino acid sequences of ACTH, β-lipotrophin (β-LPH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), metenkephalin and a number of other peptides (Fig. 18c). POMC has a 26 amino acid signal sequence, followed by three main structural domains, namely: (i) ACTH; (ii) β-LPH at the C-terminal; and (iii) the N-terminal sequence pro-γ-MSH (for which no biological role has yet been found). POMC is first cleaved to give β-LPH and ACTH, which is still attached to the N-terminal fragment. In anterior pituitary corticotrophs, ACTH is released at the second cleavage. A number of molecules of β-LPH are cleaved to give β-endorphin and γ-LPH. It appears that on stimulation of the corticotroph with CRH, all the POMC-derived peptides are secreted together, suggesting that they are held together in the same secretory granule, and supporting the idea that they all derive from POMC.
Translation - Spanish Sistema de la proopiomelanocortina (POMC): las células corticotropas de la adenohipófisis sintetizan una glucoproteína que contiene las secuencias aminoacídicas completas de la ACTH, la β-lipotropina (β-LPH), la hormona melanocitoestimulante (MSH), la metencefalina y algunos péptidos más (fig. 18c). La POMC tiene una secuencia señal de 26 aminoácidos, seguida por tres dominios estructurales principales, a saber: 1) la ACTH; 2) la β-LPH en el extremo C, y 3) la secuencia pro-γ-MSH (cuya función biológica está todavía por determinar) en el extremo N. La POMC se escinde primero en β-LPH y ACTH, que está todavía unida al fragmento del extremo N. En las células corticotropas, la ACTH se libera en la segunda escisión. Algunas moléculas de β-LPH se escinden en β-endorfina y γ-LPH. Al estimular la célula corticotropa con CRH, todos los péptidos derivados de la POMC se secretan a la vez, lo que sugiere que están contenidos en el mismo gránulo secretor y reafirma la idea de que todos derivan de la POMC.
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Translation education
Master's degree - UJI, Spain; UGR, Spain; University of Pisa, Italy
Experience
Years of experience: 14. Registered at ProZ.com: Apr 2011. Became a member: Oct 2015.
Credentials
English to Spanish (University of Granada, verified) English to Spanish (Universitat Jaume I, Facultat de Ciències Humanes i Socials, Departament de Traducció i Comunicació, verified) English to Spanish (Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores - Sworn translator, interpreter, verified) Italian to Spanish (University of Granada, verified) English to Italian (Consorzio interuniversitario Italian Culture on the Net, verified)
Spanish to Italian (Master's Degree in Translation and Interpreting University of Granada, verified)
Adobe Acrobat, Adobe Photoshop, CafeTran Espresso, FrameMaker, Indesign, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Office Pro, Microsoft Word, OmegaT, GIMP, Powerpoint, Trados Studio
I am a freelance Eng, Spa, Ita > Spa, Ita translator specializing in the fields of pharma, medicine and patents. I have spent most of my life between Italy and Spain and I am equally fluent in both languages. My initial background is in physics and I worked as a professional astronomer for over a decade before steering my career path towards translation.
Pharmaceutics: Regulatory texts: eCTDs, PSURs, RMPs, SPCs, PILs, letters to PAs. Clinical trials, consent forms.IFUs of immunoassays and diagnostic devices.
Medicine: Medical software. Academic papers. Educational material. Clinical histories. Main therapeutic fields: oncology, cardiology, respiratory.
Chemicals: Miscellaneous regulatory texts: SDSs of chemical products; regulations on waste disposal; regulations on exposure limits; regulation on food contact substances; hazard statements. Chemical names for several tens of large organic and inorganic compounds.
Education
Translation studies MA in Specialised Translation (Consorzio ICoN – Università di Pisa, Bari e Genova, Italy) Master's Degree in Medical and Health Translation (Universitat Jaume I, Spain) Master's Degree in Translation and Interpreting (Universidad de Granada, Spain)
Science studies NEW! (2022) MSc in Biomedicine (Universidad de La Laguna, Spain) PhD in Science (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico) MSc in Science (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico) MSc in Physics (Università degli Studi di Pisa, Italy)
Lifelong learning: Science Biochemistry (UNED, Spain, 2023) Organic chemistry (UNED, Spain, 2023) Main chemical compounds (UNED, Spain, 2022) Geology (UNED, Spain, 2022) Biology (undergraduate level) (UNED, Spain, 2017) Chemical reactions (undergraduate level) (UNED, Spain, 2016) Public understanding of science (postgraduate level) (The Open University, UK, 2006) Human physiology (undergraduate level) (Università di Roma La Sapienza, Italy, 2000) Genetics (undergraduate level) (Università di Roma La Sapienza, Italy, 1998) Biology (undergraduate level) (Università di Roma La Sapienza, Italy, 1998) Evolutionary psychology (undergraduate level) (Università di Roma La Sapienza, Italy, 1998) Statistics (undergraduate level) (Università di Roma La Sapienza, Italy, 1998)
Lifelong learning: Humanities English grammar (postgraduate level) (UNED, Spain, 2012) Spanish grammar (postgraduate level) (UNED, Spain, 2011) English grammar and corpus linguistics (postgraduate level) (The Open University, UK, 2005) Essay writing (undergraduate level) (The Open University, UK, 2005)
Keywords: Spanish, English, Italian, life sciences, physics, astrophysics, chemistry, biology, medical, biopharmaceuticals. See more.Spanish, English, Italian, life sciences, physics, astrophysics, chemistry, biology, medical, biopharmaceuticals, pharmaceuticals, clinical research, clinical research & development, medical devices, mathematics, statistics, genetics, medicine, pharmacology, cardiology, orthopedics, diabetes, cancer, cancer research, asthma, psychology, psychiatry, psychotherapy, hypnosis, patents, biomedical patents, clinical trials, consent forms, SPCs, patient information leaflets, brochures for patients, patient questionnaires, patient information leaflets, PIL, SDS, safety data sheet, energy, environment, science outreach, websites for patients, patient safety cards, ethics committee submission, clinical study reports, investigator´s brochures, IBs, research papers, OMS, WHO, OPS, textbooks, anatomy, endocrinology, medical certificates, technical projects, health insurance forms, health questionnaires, healthcare marketing materials, informed consent forms, patient reported outcomes, regulatory, product descriptions, surgical techniques, physician letters, academic papers, expert reports, validation protocols, validation reports, product monographs, patents for medical devices, patents for surgical devices, manufacturing process description, maintenance manuals, installation manuals, clinical study amendments, package inserts, package labels, operating manuals, IFUs, instructions for use, SUSARS, suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions, patient information sheets, PIS, summary of product characteristics, case report forms, CRF, ethic commission approval letters, laboratory documents, SMPC, SPC, patient diaries, quality of life questionnaires, veterinary, marketing authorisation dossiers, public health information, pharmacovigilance & drug safety, healthcare, health care, manufacturing materials, serious adverse events, SAES, clinical trial protocols, clinical trials, clinical study protocol, clinical study, spagnolo, inglese, italiano, scienze della vita, fisica, astrofisica, chimica, biologia, medicina, farmaci biologici, prodotti farmaceutici, ricerca clinica, dispositivi medici, matematica, statistica, genetica, medicina, farmacologia, cardiologia, ortopedia, diabete, cancro, asma, ricerca sul cancro, psicologia, psichiatria, psicoterapia, ipnosi, schede di sicurezza, brevetti, brevetti biomedici, studi clinici, moduli di consenso, informazioni per il paziente, opuscoli per i pazienti, questionari per i pazienti, opuscoli informativi per i pazienti, energia, ambiente, divulgazione della scienza, siti web per pazienti, le schede di sicurezza per pazienti, comitato etico, libri di testo, anatomia, endocrinologia, certificati medici, progetti tecnici, assicurazione sanitaria, questionari sulla salute, moduli di consenso informato, diari dei pazienti, tecniche chirurgiche, pubblicazioni accademiche, perizie, protocolli di validazione, relazioni di convalida, monografie di prodotto, brevetti per dispositivi medici, brevetti per dispositivi chirurgici, descrizione del processo di fabbricazione, manuali di manutenzione, manuali di installazione, modifiche di studi clinici, foglietti illustrativi, istruzioni per l'uso, reazioni avverse gravi, riassunto delle caratteristiche del prodotto, schede di raccolta dati, commissione etica, documenti di laboratorio, questionari sulla qualità di vita, veterinaria, autorizzazione all'immissione in commercio, informazioni sulla salute pubblica, farmacovigilanza e sicurezza dei farmaci, sanità, assistenza sanitaria, eventi avversi gravi, reazioni avverse gravi, protocollo di sperimentazione clinica, protocollo di studio clinico, ensayos clínicos, español, inglés, italiano, ciencias de la vida, física, astrofísica, química, biología, medicina, productos biofarmacéuticos, productos farmacéuticos, investigación clínica, I+D clínica, dispositivos médicos, matemáticas, estadística, genética, medicina, farmacología, cardiología, ortopedia, diabetes, cáncer, investigación sobre cáncer, asma, psicología, psiquiatría, psicoterapia, hipnosis, patentes, patentes biomédicas, ensayos clínicos, formularios de consentimiento, CCP, prospectos, folletos para pacientes, cuestionarios de los pacientes, folletos de información al paciente, PIL, ficha de datos de seguridad, energía, medio ambiente, divulgación de la ciencia, sitios web para pacientes, fichas de seguridad para el paciente, comité de ética, informes sobre estudios clínicos, documentos de investigación, libros de texto de anatomía, endocrinología, certificados médicos, proyectos técnicos, formularios de seguros de salud, cuestionarios de salud, formularios de consentimiento informado, descripciones de productos, técnicas quirúrgicas, artículos de investigación, informes de expertos, protocolos de validación, informes de validación, monografías de productos, patentes de productos sanitarios, patentes para dispositivos quirúrgicos, descripción del proceso de fabricación, manuales de mantenimiento, manuales de instalación, prospectos, etiquetas de los envases, manuales de uso, instrucciones de uso, sospechas de reacciones adversas graves e inesperadas, hojas de información al paciente, resumen de las características del producto, aprobación de la comisión ética, documentos de laboratorio, diarios de los pacientes, cuestionarios de calidad de vida, veterinaria, expedientes de autorización de comercialización, información de salud pública, farmacovigilancia y seguridad de los medicamentos, atención sanitaria, salud, materiales de fabricación, adverso grave eventos, protocolos de ensayos clínicos, ensayos clínicos, protocolos de estudio clínico, estudio clínico.. 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