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English to Chinese: The Olympic 4-Peat; a Rare Achievement General field: Marketing Detailed field: Sports / Fitness / Recreation
Source text - English The Olympic 4-Peat; a Rare Achievement
Introduction
In Olympic literature and general sports parlance, the terms “Olympic 3-Peat” or “Olympic 4-Peat” are not universally understood. They should be.
The perfect game pitched in baseball.
A horse capturing the Triple Crown in American Thoroughbred Horse Racing.
The winning of the Major League World Series in baseball by the Boston Red Sox
These are examples of occurrences that strike the collective zeitgeist of the general sports fan, as they are well understood in popular discourse as notably rare achievements.
The terms “Olympic 3-Peat” and “Olympic 4-Peat” could and should reasonably share a common definition and be applied in the literature appropriately, just as the above terms are.
Athletes that achieve an “Olympic 3-Peat” or “Olympic 4-Peat” are currently not recognized in popular literature for the feat, at least not with the implicit understanding that equally rare terms in the realm of sports connote.
The XXIX Summer Olympic Games – 4-Peat Contenders
As the XXIX Summer Olympic Games begin on August 8, 2008, it seems likely that any one of half a dozen female athletes could achieve the first Women’s Olympic 4-Peat in Modern Olympic History.
Lisa Leslie of the USA in Women’s Basketball, Laura Berg of the USA in Women’s Softball, Doina Ignat, Elena Georgescu-Nedelcu, and Liliana Gafencu of Romania in Rowing Women’s Eight, and Constanta Pipota-Burcica of Romania in Rowing Women’s Lightweight Sculls all have the opportunity to win an Olympic Gold Medal in the same Sport Discipline and Event for the fourth consecutively contested Olympics.
As many as nine more individuals could theoretically be in the position to achieve an Olympic 4-Peat at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games. However, it appears as of this writing, that the six competitors mentioned above are the only ones that will compete in the 2008 Olympics in Beijing.
Many astute readers may already recall the names of great Olympic Champions like Theresa Edwards (USA) Women’s Basketball and Birgit Fischer (Germany) Women’s Kayak 4 Woman 500 Meters both of whom have won four Olympic Gold Medals in the same Sport Discipline and Event four times. However, these Olympians did not accomplish the feat in four consecutively staged Olympic Games. While their respective Olympic careers are quite impressive in their own right, they have not achieved an Olympic 4-Peat.
I was fortunate enough to witness the clinching of an Olympic 4-Peat in 1996 at Centennial Olympic Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia on July 29, 1996 when Carl Lewis won his fourth consecutive Olympic Gold Medal in Athletics/Men’s Long Jump at the 1996 Summer Games.
Investigation into the history of Olympic 3-Peats and 4-Peats revealed that the aforementioned occurrence was only the second Olympic 4-Peat to have been achieved since 1968. The other athlete to have achieved an Olympic 4-Peat during this period was Aleksandr Tikhinov of the Soviet Union in the 4 x 7.5 KM Biathlon Relay which was achieved on February 22, 1980 at Lake Placid.
It is also clear that the proposed nomenclature of an “Olympic 3-Peat” or “Olympic 4-Peat” is not yet universally understood or consistently utilized in the discussion of Olympic history.
The terms “Olympic 3-Peat” and “Olympic 4-Peat” are herein defined as having won three/four or more Gold Medals in the same Sport Discipline and Event at consecutively staged Olympic Games. An Olympic 3-Peat presents an opportunity for the athlete to convert the achievement into an Olympic 4-Peat at the next staging of their respective Sport Discipline and Event at the Summer or Winter Olympic Games.
I propose this framework to define the terms “Olympic 3-Peat” and “Olympic 4-Peat,” while providing well understood historical reference points to shed light on the rarity and historical significance of the achievement.
There are numerous examples in the literature in which the accomplishment of an Olympic 3-Peat or Olympic 4-Peat is unnecessarily framed within narrow “category creation” that undermines the significance of the achievement within the overall macro-historical context.
Examples:
By winning the 1964 Tokyo, Olympic Women’s 100 Meters Freestyle in Swimming, Dawn Fraser…
“became the first swimmer of either sex to win the same individual event three times.” (Wallechinsky & Loucky, 2008 edition)
The above statement is factually correct; however, within the context of Modern Olympic History it does not place the achievement of a legitimate Olympic 3-Peat within any significantly understood or implied historical context in a macro-sense.
An alternate treatment of the same event could read:
By winning the 1964 Olympic Women’s 100 Meters Freestyle event in swimming,
Fraser…
“joined the ranks of a record seven athletes that achieved an Olympic 3-Peat at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, and she continues to be one of only 93 athletes to have executed an Olympic 3-Peat in history.”
Two descriptions of Uhlrich Wehling’s Olympic 3-Peat read as follows:
“He was the first man to win three consecutive Winter Olympic Gold Medals in the same individual event.” (Wikipedia.com July 2008)
“The 27-year-old Wehling became the first non-figure skater to win three consecutive Gold Medals in the same individual winter event.” (Wallechinsky & Loucky, 2006)
Both of these statements are factually correct. The 1920 Olympic Gold Medal in Men’s Figure Skating won by Gillis Grafstrom was part of the 1920 Summer Olympics and by definition won by a figure skater. The four Soviet Union ice-hockey players who achieved an Olympic 3-Peat with wins in 1964, 1968 and 1972 were on a team. Irina Rodnina and Sonja Henie are female figure skaters who both achieved an Olympic 3-Peat.
Defense of Preferred Terminology:
While the referenced statements about Wehling are true, within the greater historical context of Olympic History, these descriptions are merely carefully structured sentences that allow the framing of the achievement to be couched as an Olympic “First” instead of the impressive achievement of an Olympic 3-Peat.
Olympic “Firsts,” while interesting, do not capture the public’s imagination. Consider, rather, the rarity of the Olympic 3-Peat.
At the time of Wehling’s third Gold Medal in Nordic Combined at the 1980 Lake Placid Winter Olympic Games, there had been 51 Olympic 3-Peats in Modern Olympic history, with only eight of them in the Winter Olympic Games*. Achieving an Olympic 3-Peat is an impressive historical achievement that does not need to be diminished with convoluted category creation.
For the terms “Olympic 3-Peat” and “Olympic 4-Peat” to have meaning, there have to be set parameters of what does and what does not constitute these achievements.
The goal of this article is to create and isolate these parameters and spark further exploration of this significant category of Olympic achievement in future writings through universal use of these terms.
HISTORICAL SIGNIFIGANCE:
As mentioned, the accomplishment of an Olympic 3-Peat is a significant achievement (accomplished only 94 times). The conversion of an Olympic 3-Peat into an Olympic 4-Peat is truly rare.
Accompanying this article is a spreadsheet that lists all Olympians in Modern Olympic History that have won three or more Gold Medals in the same Sport Discipline and Event.
A review of these 115 occurrences by 112 different athletes reveals a number of interesting reasons why many athletes did not achieve an Olympic 3-Peat or an Olympic 4-Peat.
A summary review reveals among other impediments the following:
Disqualifications on the day of the event.
Olympic boycotts, precluding the athletes from their attempt to convert an Olympic 4-Peat attempt (true at least five times).
Sport Disciplines or Events not consistently contested.
.
The status or achievements of certain athletes is in question (most notably Paul Elvstrom) due to differing syntax among sources.
Athletes retiring from competition before attempting an Olympic 4-Peat.
An Olympian wins a Silver Medal in an attempt to achieve an Olympic 4-Peat (24 occasions).
An Olympian places lower than second place in an attempt to achieve an Olympic 4-Peat.
For comparison; the rarity of the accomplishment is on par with the percentage of Official Major League no-hitters that are “converted” or part of the inclusive category of Official Major League Perfect Games (17 of 256, or 6.6%), the number of American Thoroughbred Triple Crown opportunities to the number of American Triple Crown winners (11 of 133, or 8.3%), and the number of Major League World Series held to the number of times the Boston Red Sox have won the World Series (7 of 103, or 6.8%).
Entering the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games, there have been a proposed 120 opportunities to achieve an Olympic 4-Peat in Modern Olympic history. This figure includes Olympic 3-Peats that were not converted for Olympic 4-Peats, Non-Consecutive three-time Gold Medal winners (interrupted win streaks), Olympic 3-Peats that were preceded by a Non-Gold Medal winning placing in their Sport Discipline and Event, and four occasions in which there was an Olympic 3-Peat that was book-ended by opportunities to achieve an Olympic 4-Peat (Georg Hackl, Claudia Pechstein, Jan Zelezny, and Andrew Hoy)
Until it is contested, Robert Korzeniowski of Poland, who is not currently scheduled to compete, has the opportunity to try for an Olympic 4-Peat a second time in Athletics - 50,000 km walk at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games on August 22, 2008, accounting for the 120th opportunity.
Proposed Olympic 4-Peats:
As mentioned earlier, at the end of the 2004 Athens Summer Olympic Game, there were fifteen athletes that would be eligible to contend for an Olympic 4-Peat at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games. The aforementioned Robert Korzeniowski would be eligible for a second attempt at the 4-Peat in Beijing. Not all of these fifteen athletes will compete in the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics.
As a result, it is proposed that prior to the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, there are 105 past Olympic 4-peat conversion opportunities that have come to resolution.
Of these 105 opportunities, it is contended that no there are no fewer than six and no more than nine of occasions in which an athlete has achieved an Olympic 4-Peat in Modern Olympic history. This tally equates to an Olympic 4-Peat opportunity conversion rate of 5.7% (6 / 105) on the low end, and 8.6% or (9 / 105) on the high end.
With a record fifteen opportunities extant going into the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games, it would appear that a conservative forecast of at least one Olympic 4-Peat being achieved is a reasonable expectation.
For the purpose of this paper, I have regarded the results of the 1906 Athens Summer Olympic Games also known as the Intercalated Games as valid Olympic Championships. It is understood that these results are not considered official by the IOC.
My intention is not to stir debate on the validity of the 1906 Summer Olympic Games. However, concerning Ray Ewry, it is contended that the inclusion in Athletics of the Men’s Standing Long Jump and the Men’s Standing High Jump at the 1906 Athens Summer Olympic Games legitimize Ewry as the only Olympian to have achieved an Olympic 4-Peat in two separate events.
Case Studies in What Does Not Count:
It is important to establish the parameters of what does not count as an “Olympic 3-Peat” or “Olympic 4-Peat.”
In the accompanying chart, separate verbiage is used to denote 3-, 4-, or 5-time Olympic Champions in the same Sport Discipline and Event in non-consecutively staged Olympics.
Additionally, by my proposed definition, athletes who have won three or more Olympic Gold Medals in the same Sport Discipline and Event, but have not done so in consecutively staged Olympics, as has Dr. Reiner Klimke of Germany in Mixed Team Dressage, have not executed an Olympic 3-Peat or Olympic 4-Peat.
Olympians in the situation of Halil Mutlu of Turkey - Weightlifting who has won three consecutive Olympic Gold Medals to date in the different weight-classes of Flyweight, Bantamweight, and Bantamweight, Laszlo Papp of Hungary -Boxing who won three consecutive Olympic Gold Medals as a Middleweight, Light Middleweight, and Light Middleweight, or Kakhi Kakhiashvili of Unified Team/Greece-Weightlifting whose three consecutive Gold medals were won in the different weight classes of Middle Heavyweight, First Heavyweight, and Middle Heavyweight all would not be considered to have achieved an ‘Olympic 3-Peat’ using the proposed definition.
CLASSIFICATIONS DEFINED:
Olympians with at least three Olympic Championships in the same Sport Discipline and Event can be classified into five categories as defined below.
1) Olympians who have won a Gold Medal in the same Sport Discipline and Event
at four consecutive editions of the Modern Olympic Games. This achievement is strictly defined as an “Olympic 4-Peat” with two athletes (Aladar Gerevich & Pal Kovacs) having gone on to respectively achieve an “Olympic 5-Peat” and an “Olympic 6-Peat.”
2) Olympians who have won a Gold Medal in the same Sport Discipline and Event at four successive stagings of the Modern Olympic Games to date, but have not done so consecutively.
1. Olympians who have achieved an Olympic 3-Peat by winning an Olympic Gold Medal in the same Sport Discipline and Event at three consecutive editions of the Modern Olympic Games through either the 2000 or 2002 editions, yet have failed to achieve a fourth Gold Medal to date.
2. Olympians who have won a Gold Medal in the same Sport Discipline and Event at three editions of the Modern Olympic Games, yet not consecutively. These are attempted Olympic 4-Peats that were “interrupted” by a lesser placing in a given contested Olympic Sport Discipline or Event along the way. After the fact, these contests reveal themselves to have been an Olympic 4-Peat conversion opportunity.
3. Olympians who are still living and have the opportunity to achieve an Olympic 4-Peat or 4th Non-Consecutive Olympic Gold Medal in the same Sport Discipline and Event at either the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games or the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games.
Dara Torres:
Dara Torres (USA) - Swimming has qualified to compete at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics in the Women’ s 100 Meters Freestyle, Women’s 50 Meters Freestyle, and Women’s 4 x 100 Meters Freestyle Relay.
If Torres competes and wins an Olympic Gold Medal as a member of the USA Women’s 4 x 100 Meters Relay team, then she will become the first athlete in Modern Olympic History to have won an Olympic Championship in the same Sport Discipline and Event four times non-consecutively without ever having won the Event in back-to-back Olympic Games. This achievement, if obtained, is arguably rarer and as impressive, if not more so, than an Olympic 4-Peat, but it will not be an Olympic 4-Peat.
SPREADSHEET DATA AND SOURCES:
In the accompanying spreadsheet, all known occurrences in which an Olympian has won at least three Gold medals either consecutively or non-consecutively in the same Sport Discipline and Event is listed. The research presented in this spreadsheet forms the basis for the information cited in this paper.
As of this writing prior to the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games, there have been 115 occurrences counting Olympic 4-Peats and above as one single occurrence.
Of these, 32 of the occurrences have been in an individual Sport Discipline and Event.
The Notes column in the spreadsheet provides a brief description of the circumstances concerning the given athlete’s attempt or non-attempt to convert an Olympic 3-Peat into an Olympic 4-Peat or above.
(The entries denoting medals are in cells that are color-filled coded. Gold is equivalent to a Gold Medal. Silver is equivalent to a Silver Medal and Bronze is equivalent to a Bronze Medal. Light Blue is indicative of a Placing lower than 3rd place, and Lavender indicates that the athlete did not compete or the event was not contested.)
The following sources were used in compiling and refining the database, and many of the authors were kind enough to reply to solicited feedback.
The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics (2004 edtn.)-David Wallechinsky & Jamie Loucky
The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics (2006 edtn.)-David Wallechinsky & Jamie Loucky
The Golden Book of the Olympic Games – Eric Kamper & Bill Mallon
Various Olympic Official Reports
www.olympic.org
www.OlyMAD.com
www.wikipedia.com
ISSUES FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION, DISCUSSION OR RESEARCH:
1) Eric Lemming:
Was the 1912 Stockholm Summer Olympics Men’s Javelin Throw a “merging” of the Men’s Javelin Throw and the Men’s Freestyle Javelin Throw into one event referred to as “Men’s Javelin Throw?”
There was not a “Men’s Javelin Throw” contested at the 1906 Athens Summer Olympics. However, the Men’s Freestyle Javelin Throw was contested at the 1906 Athens Intercalated Games. Both events were contested at the 1908 London Summer Olympics. An event denoted as “Men’s Javelin Throw” was contested in 1912. This timeline theoretically supports the interpretation of the Men’s Javelin throw as a merged event. As well, the text in the 2004 Edition of the Complete Book of the Summer Olympics (Wallechinsky & Loucky) concerning the1908 Men’s Freestyle Javelin competition alludes to an understanding of future editions of “Men’s Javelin Throw” being considered a merger of the two events. Eric Lemming won both of the Olympic Men’s Freestyle Javelin Throw events and both of the Olympic Men’s Javelin Throw events held at the 1906, 1908, and 1912 Olympic Games.
Does Eric Lemming’s (Sweden) Olympic record entitle him to be credited with an Olympic 3-Peat in Men’s Javelin Throw?
*2) Gillis Grafstrom:
In 1920, Gillis Grafstrom (Sweden) won the first of three consecutive Olympic Gold Medals in Men’s Figure Skating at the Antwerp Summer Olympic Games. His second and third consecutive Olympic Gold Medals in Men’s Figure Skating were at the 1924 Chamonix Winter Olympic Games and 1928 St. Moritz Winter Olympic Games respectively. At the 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Winter Olympics, he placed with a Silver Medal performance, thereby not converting an apparent Olympic 4-Peat.
Does the fact that the first of Grafstrom’s Olympic Gold Medals in Men’s Figure Skating was won at the Summer Olympic Games, and his subsequent Olympic Medals were won at the Winter Olympics entitle Grafstrom to be credited with an Olympic 3-Peat?
3) Paul Elvstrom:
Elvstrom (Denmark) is often mentioned, either correctly or incorrectly, with Carl Lewis (USA) and Al Oerter (USA) as the only other person to win the same individual Olympic event in four consecutive Olympic Games. His inclusion among the elite membership of those who have achieved an Olympic 4-Peat is a function of syntax. If his event within the Sport Discipline of Yachting is defined as “Monotype,” then his achievement is a legitimate 4-Peat. However, his event is at times listed as ‘Finn’ class.
According to the 2004 edition of The Complete Book of the Summer Olympic Games (Wallechinsky & Loucky), the “Finn” was invented in 1949. The 1948 single-dinghy event is sometimes defined as ‘Firefly.’ Sources suggest some difference between the boats used in the 1948 Olympic “Monotype” competition and those used in the 1952, 1956 and 1960 Olympic “Monotype” competitions. Is it not valid to argue that Paul Elvstrom did not achieve an Olympic 4-Peat under the same reasoning that applies to Laszlo Papp (Hungary), Halil Mutlu (Turkey), and Kakhi Kakhiashvili (Unified Team / Greece) not having achieved Olympic 3-Peats?
Did Paul Elvstrom (Denmark) achieve an Olympic 4-Peat under the guidelines outlined in this paper?
4) Dawn Fraser:
According to the 2004 edition of The Complete Book of the Summer Olympic Games (Wallechinsky & Loucky), Dawn Fraser (Australia) was penalized with a suspension by the Australian Swimming Federation from competitive swimming for a prank she was involved in after the 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics in which she achieved an Olympic 3-Peat in Swimming - Women’s 100 Meters Freestyle. Was Fraser’s suspension a nominal political gesture at the conclusion of her competitive career or was Fraser legitimately continuing to
pursue an Olympic swimming career at the time of the suspension?
Did Dawn Fraser not attempt an Olympic 4-Peat in Women’s 100 Meters Freestyle Swimming at the 1968 Mexico City Summer Olympics because she had been suspended from competition by her National Governing Body or had she decided to end her career after the 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympic Games?
5) Soviet Union / Japan Team Events:
Between 1952 and 1980, the Soviet Union won eight consecutive Olympic Gold Medals in the Women’s Gymnastics All-Around Team Competition. During this period, there were no athletes that achieved an Olympic 4-Peat in this Sport Discipline and Event, while two athletes (Latynina & Astakhova) achieved an Olympic 3-Peat.
Between the years of 1964 and 1976, the Soviet Union won four consecutive Olympic Gold
Medals in Men’s Ice-Hockey. Of the four athletes that won an Olympic Ice Hockey
Championship in 1964, 1968 and 1972, (Davidov, Firsov, Kouskine, and Ragulin) none of them were on the 1976 Olympic Gold Medal winning ice-hockey team to achieve an Olympic 4-Peat.
Did all six of these athletes fail to attempt to convert an Olympic 4-Peat attempt because of a state mandated rule of the Soviet Union, coincidence, the result of intra-country completion, politics or was it a choice of each of the six athletes in question to not pursue an Olympic 4-Peat?
Between 1960 and 1976, Japan won five consecutive Olympic Gold Medals in Men’s Gymnastics Team Competition. During this run, four athletes achieved an Olympic 3-Peat (Endo, Kato, Kenmotsu, Tsukahara), but no one athlete attempted an Olympic 4-Peat. The Boycott of the 1980 Moscow Summer Olympics by Japan may have prevented the attempt by Kato, Kenmotsu, and Tsukahara on the back-end.
Why did Yukio Endo not compete as member of the Men’s team representing Japan at the 1972 Munich Summer Olympics in an attempt to convert an Olympic 4-Peat attempt?
6) Thomas Jager:
Thomas Jager (USA) is not listed as an Olympic Gold Medalist for the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympics in the Men’s 4 x 100 Meters Freestyle Relay at the IOC website www.olympic.org. Jager is listed as an Olympic Gold Medalist in the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympics in the Golden Book of the Olympics (Mallon & Kamper). In the 2004 edition of The Complete Book of The Summer Olympics (Wallechinsky & Loucky), he is listed as an Olympic Gold Medal winner in brackets.
It is the author’s understanding that the IOC made a clear ruling that all
preliminary runners in Olympic Athletics relay events and swimmers in Olympic Swimming relay events of eventual Olympic Medal winning teams within the same Olympic Games were in fact considered Olympic Champions. However, it is not clear how far back in the annals of Modern Olympic History this ruling is applied.
Does Thomas Jager’s contribution in the preliminaries of the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympics Men’s 4 x 100 Relay competition entitle him to be included among those that have achieved an Olympic 3-Peat?
7) Yelena Valbe:
The Russian Women’s 4 x 5km Cross-Country Relay Team at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics was disqualified just prior to the start due to team member Larissa Lazutina’s positive drug test which was administered after a previous Cross-Country Skiing event in which she competed at those same Olympic Games.
If Valbe was a member of the disqualified team, her attempt to convert an Olympic 4-Peat opportunity was stymied by a teammate’s positive drug test in a different event. It appears this situation would be unique in Olympic history.
Was Yelena Valbe a member of this disqualified Russian 4 x 5km Cross Country Team at the Salt Lake City Winter Olympic Games?
The following issues concern athletes who have won three non-consecutive Olympic Gold Medals in the same Sport Discipline and Event as per Classification 4 above.
8) Aleksandra Zabelina:
Why was Zabelina (URS) not a member of the 1964 Tokyo Summer Olympics Soviet Union Women’s Foil Fencing team thereby foregoing a later revealed opportunity at an Olympic 4-Peat?
9) Dr. Reinar Klimke:
Klimke (Germany) did not compete in the 1972 Munich Summer Olympic Games-Equestrian-Mixed Team Dressage event. By not contesting the event in these Olympics his career record indicates five Olympic Gold Medals in the same Sport Discipline and Event without having ever achieved an Olympic 3-Peat.
In the 2004 edition of The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics (Wallechinsky & Loucky), Klimke is not listed as an Olympic Gold medalist in the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympic Games for the Equestrian Mixed Team Dressage Event.
Klimke is credited with winning an Olympic Gold Medal in this event at the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympic Games on the website www.olympic.org, and in The Golden Book of the Olympics (Mallon & Kampar)
Is there a reason why after winning Olympic Gold Medals in the event in 1964 and 1968 and prior to winning Olympic Gold Medals in the event in 1976, 1984, and 1988 that he did not contest the Equestrian Mixed Team Dressage in 1972?
10) Ivan Patzaichin:
Why did Patzaichan (Romania) not compete in the 1976 Montreal Summer Olympic Games in Canoeing Men’s Canadian Pairs 1,000 Meters thereby foregoing a later revealed opportunity at an Olympic 4-Peat?
11) Nina Gavrilyuk:
Why was Gavrilyuk (Russia) not a member of the 1992 Albertville Winter Olympics Russian 4 x 5km Cross-Country Relay Olympic team thereby foregoing a later revealed opportunity at an Olympic 4-Peat?
Was she also a member of the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics Russian 4 x 5km Cross-Country Relay team that was disqualified prior to the start of this event as described concerning Yelena Valbe.
12) Kim Soo-Nyung:
According to the 2004 edition of The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics (Wallechinsky & Loucky), Kim Soo-Nyung (South Korea) did not compete on the 1996 Atlanta Summer Olympic Games South Korean Women’s Archery team because she took time off to have a child thereby foregoing a later revealed opportunity at an Olympic 4-Peat.
Does Soo-Nyung’s Olympic record entitle her to be credited with a 3 Olympic Gold Medals in the same Sport Discipline and Event considering the significant changes in the Women’s Archery Team event after the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympic Games?
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My name is Leah Liu, a NAATI certificate professional translator from Australia. I am a native Chinese (Simplified) speaker, and moved to Australia in 2002. I've been working as a professional translator for 10+ years with the experience of Chinese-English translation (both directions) for IT, medicine, pharmaceutical, legal, engineering, mining, tourism and so on.
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RedHat Inc.: responsible for software and platform localization and QA process, as well as website material and marketing related material translation and proofreading.
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Translation agency: translating medical instrument manual , medical instrument user interface localization, medical instrument and pharmaceutical clinical research report, and government administration document.
Gilbert + Tobin Firm: Contract and legal material translation.
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