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English to Malay - Rates: 0.09 - 0.12 USD per word / 13 - 16 USD per hour Indonesian to Malay - Rates: 0.09 - 0.12 USD per word / 13 - 16 USD per hour Malay to English - Rates: 0.09 - 0.12 USD per word / 13 - 16 USD per hour Indonesian to English - Rates: 0.09 - 0.12 USD per word / 13 - 16 USD per hour
Malay to English: ANCAMAN PENDATANG ASING TANPA IZIN (PATI) DI SABAH General field: Social Sciences Detailed field: Human Resources
Source text - Malay Pengenalan
Penyelidikan ini adalah mengenai ancaman sosial pendatang asing tanpa izin (PATI) terhadap masyarakat tempatan di Sabah. Ancaman berkait rapat dengan konsep keselamatan. Konsep keselamatan sangat luas yang boleh dibahagikan kepada keselamatan tradisional dan bukan tradisional. Keselamatan tradisional merujuk kepada ancaman ketenteraan, sempadan, kedaulatan dan konsep negara (Buzan, 2008).
Sementara itu, penyelidik lebih menekankan kepada konsep keselamatan bukan tradisional bagi mengenalpasti ancaman sosial. Menurut Al Araf dan Anto Ali Abbas (2008), ancaman tidak lagi hanya berupa ancaman ketenteraan tetapi juga meliputi ancaman politik, ancaman sosial, ancaman ekonomi, mahupun ancaman ekologi. Permasalahan dan ancaman tersebut merupakan sebahagian daripada isu-isu keamanan non-tradisional.
Sejak tamat Perang Dingin, masalah keselamatan menjadi isu yang lebih luas merangkumi masalah seperti pelanunan, pendatang haram, penyeludupan senjata dan barangan, perdagangan manusia dan lain-lain bentuk jenayah rentas sempadan yang menimbulkan kebimbangan kepada pemerintah di negara-negara terlibat (Ruhanas, 2009). Justeru, pendatang asing tanpa izin di Sabah juga berpotensi menyumbangkan ancaman terhadap masyarakat tempatan. Migrasi antarabangsa yang tidak sah mampu membawa kepada kegiatan-kegiatan menyalahi undang-undang dan jenayah rentas sempadan.
Keadaan sesebuah negara yang aman dan ekonomi yang stabil menjadi faktor tarikan kepada golongan ini. Dalam konteks Sabah yang menjadi sebuah negeri yang bersempadan dengan tiga buah negara iaitu Brunei, Filipina dan Indonesia, telah memperlihatkan migrasi manusia lintas sempadan yang aktif. Penduduk Filipina dan Indonesia didapati menjadi kelompok migrasi paling aktif memasuki Sabah. Terdapat pelbagai bentuk ancaman sosial terhadap masyarakat lokal akan dirungkaikan, bersama data respon masyarakat tempatan terhadap ancaman ini.
Permasalahan Kajian
Migrasi antarabangsa dilihat oleh sesetengah penyelidik sebagai faktor utama yang menciptakan pendatang asing tanpa izin tersebut. Menurut Shuto (2006), migrasi merupakan suatu proses dinamik yang berkaitan dengan liberalisasi ekonomi pasaran, penawaran buruh asing dan dasar migrasi yang tidak konsisten terutama oleh negara penerima. Keadaan ini telah mengakibatkan situasi migrasi yang tidak dapat dikawal dan hal ini telah menjadi lebih buruk dengan kedatangan pendatang asing tanpa izin ke sesebuah negara.
Di Malaysia, kemasukan pendatang asing yang tidak dikawal dan berterusan telah menjadi isu yang kritikal untuk ditangani oleh kerajaan. Sejak beberapa tahun lalu, jumlah pendatang asing yang bekerja telah dianggarkan seramai 2.3 juta orang atau 23 peratus daripada pekerja yang ada di Malaysia. Daripada jumlah tersebut dianggarkan hampir separuh daripadanya merupakan PATI yang telah menggunakan pelbagai saluran untuk masuk ke Malaysia (Rusniah Ahmad, et.al, 2014). Sehingga kini, fenomena migrasi haram tersebut masih berlaku dan mempengaruhi realiti sosial masyarakat tempatan. Migrasi secara haram mengakibatkan maklumat peribadi pendatang asing tanpa izin seperti kesihatan, penglibatan jenayah, taraf pendidikan dan lain-lain maklumat tiada dalam rekod kerajaan di negara penerima.
Wan Syawaluddin et. al (2003) mendapati bahawa saban hari warga asing sama ada dari Filipina mahupun Indonesia sering bertandang ke kawasan Sabah untuk mendapatkan kemudahan dan taraf hidup yang lebih baik berbanding negara mereka. Sabah merupakan sebuah negeri di dalam Malaysia yang menjadi antara negara yang paling mudah sekali dimasuki pendatang asing tanpa izin. Ini adalah kerana kedudukannya yang hampir dan hubungan sejarah yang rapat dengan negara-negara jiran. Justeru, penyelidik mengandaikan golongan ini akan bersaing dengan warga tempatan secara tersembunyi untuk mendapatkan sumber-sumber berharga seperti ruang, peluang pekerjaan, perniagaan sektor informal dan lain-lain.
Menurut Wan Marzuki (2008) pula, Kementerian Dalam Negeri pernah mengumumkan bahawa seramai 14 809 daripada 37 446 banduan di Malaysia merupakan pendatang asing yang kebanyakannya terdiri daripada pendatang asing tanpa izin. Jumlah ini dikatakan telah melebihi 28 peratus daripada kapasiti yang dapat ditanggung oleh penjara di Malaysia. Tidak hanya jenayah, penyelidik tidak menolak terdapat ancaman sosial lain yang menyebabkan penduduk tempatan dan pihak berkuasa tidak senang dengan kewujudan golongan ini. Angka yang direkodkan ini sudah tentu menggusarkan masyarakat tempatan dan kerajaan.
Latar Belakang Kewujudan Pendatang Asing Tanpa Izin di Sabah
Penyelidikan berkenaan pendatang asing tanpa izin di Sabah tidak lengkap tanpa menelusuri sedikit sejarah dan faktor migrasi antarabangsa ke negeri ini. Migrasi bukanlah satu fenomena baharu di Sabah, bahkan sejak penaklukan Sepanyol di Filipina telah menyebabkan penghijrahan manusia dari wilayah tersebut ke wilayah Sabah. Kumpulan etnik nomad yang berasal dari wilayah dan perairan antara Filipina dan Bornoe seperti Bajau (Bajau Laut) yang juga dikenali sebagai 'sea gypsies' telah menetap di sempadan Sabah (Kamal Sadiq, 2015). Masyarakat keturunan Bajau dan Sulu iaitu kaum majoriti yang mendiami selatan Filipina seperti Basilan, Tawi-Tawi, Palawan, Davao, Sitangkai dan Zamboanga merupakan kumpulan yang paling ramai berhijrah ke negeri ini (Wan Shawaluddin & Ramli Dollah, 2013).
Bagi Wan Shawaluddin dan Ramli Dollah (2013), istilah pendatang itu sendiri sukar untuk dikonsepkan memandangkan negeri ini sendiri merupakan bekas jajahan Kesultanan Sulu. Oleh itu, kumpulan pendatang yang dikelompokkan pada hari ini merupakan mereka yang pernah memasuki dan tinggal di negara ini. Namun, selepas sempadan buatan manusia diwujudkan, mereka ini tersepit di tengah-tengah keadaan. Jelaslah bahawa kumpulan tersebut akhirnya menjadi mangsa keadaan, lalu menjerumuskan mereka untuk diklasifikasikan sebagai pendatang di sebuah negara berdaulat yang mempunyai sempadan tersendiri.
Memetik dapatan Salah Jubair (1999), selepas Sabah mencapai kemerdekaan dalam Malaysia pada tahun 1963, ramai yang mengambil peluang menjadi warganegara. Penduduk etnik Bajau dan Sulu yang gagal mengambil peluang ini walaupun telah lama menetap di Sabah, lalu kekal sebagai pendatang. Dalam laporan Bancian Penduduk 1970, penduduk bukan warganegara di Sabah berjumlah seramai 20 505 meningkat kepada 90 030 pada 1980. Oleh itu, ada kemungkinan sebahagian daripada mereka terlibat dalam fenomena keciciran daripada pendaftaran kelahiran dan pengenalan. Faktor keciciran ini pernah direkod oleh Olson (2007), yang mana beliau mendapati terdapat kanak-kanak tempatan dari keluarga orang asli seperti Bajau Laut, turut berdepan dengan risiko dianggap sebagai pendatang dan tidak bernegara kerana tidak mendaftarkan kelahiran akibat kekurangan pengetahuan dan informasi.
Namun begitu, faktor ekonomi dan kelangsungan hidup (survival) menjadi faktor dominan kedatangan golongan ini ke negeri Sabah. Menurut Azizah Kassim (1998), gelombang penghijrahan masuk migran ke Negeri Sabah didapati semakin meningkat apabila migran dari Indonesia dan Filipina memenuhi ratusan penempatan di seluruh negeri khususnya di bahagian Tawau. Kemasukan migran Indonesia dan Filipina ini berlatarbelakangkan motif ekonomi dan juga faktor kedekatan jarak yang membolehkan mereka memasuki negeri ini dengan mudah.
Peluang pekerjaan yang luas di Sabah menjadi faktor tarikan sejak pasca-merdeka lagi. Apabila Sabah mencapai kemerdekaan, kekurangan tenaga kerja menjadi isu utama dan menjadi penghalang kepada pembangunan ekonomi negeri. Keadaan kekurangan tenaga kerja ini menyebabkan pemerintah terpaksa mengimport sejumlah besar tenaga kerja asing untuk bekerja dalam sektor-sektor yang mendesak di negeri ini (Kahin, 1947). Demi pembangunan ekonomi dan masalah kekurangan tenaga buruh di Sabah serta faktor politik semasa, menyebabkan beribu-ribu pendatang dari Indonesia dan Filipina datang ke Sabah bagi memenuhi permintaan buruh yang mendesak (Kurus, et. al., 1998: 162; Ho Tin Seng, 1998).
Akibatnya, kebanjiran pelarian Filipina pada tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an dilihat tepat pada masanya kerana ia dilihat dapat membantu dalam mengatasi masalah kekurangan tenaga kerja di negeri ini. Oleh itu tidak menghairankan sekiranya terdapat hujah yang menyebut bahawa selain faktor politik, faktor kekurangan tenaga kerja di negeri Sabah turut dilihat sebagai antara penyumbang utama kepada dasar Tun Mustapha yang dilihat agak berlembut terhadap pelarian Filipina pada tahun 1970an (Bahrin dan Rachagan, 1984 & Ho Tin Seng, 1989).
Selain itu, pendatang asing tanpa izin di Sabah juga wujud akibat pergolakan yang berlaku di negara asal. Dengan kata lain, mereka merupakan pelarian perang yang berusaha mencari suaka. Pengalaman Malaysia berhadapan dengan pelarian perang di Sabah adalah pada tahun 1972 ekoran pengisytiharan darurat oleh Marcos lantaran terdapat pertempuran antara Philipines Armed Forces (PAF) dengan Moro Nationalist Liberation Front (MNLF). Seramai 70 000 pelarian dari selatan Filipina telah melarikan diri ke Sabah (Shamsul Bahrin & Rachagan, 1984).
Menurut Hajimin et. al, (2016), Malaysia tidak mempunyai peruntukan dalam memberikan perlindungan terhadap golongan pelarian. Ini kerana Malaysia tidak menandatangani Konvensyen Pelarian 1957 dan Protokol 1967 berhubung tanggungjawab memberikan perlindungan terhadap pelarian antarabangsa. Undang-undang Malaysia berhubung hal-ehwal imigresen dirujuk kepada Akta Imigresen 1959/63. Berdasarkan kepada akta tersebut, “mana-mana individu yang menyalahi Seksyen 5, 6, 8, 9 dan 15 Akta Imigresen 1959/63 atau Peraturan 39, Peraturan-peraturan Imigresen 1963, maka individu tersebut tergolong sebagai Pendatang Asing Tanpa Izin (PATI)”. Ini menjadikan tiada perbezaan di antara pelarian dengan PATI.
Pelarian turut berdepan dengan tindakan yang sama seperti PATI iaitu tangkapan, tahanan, hukuman dan penghantaran semula ke negara asal. Sungguhpun demikian, atas dasar perikemanusiaan dan mempunyai darah berketurunan Sulu, Ketua Menteri Sabah Tun Datu Mustapha telah menerima dan membenarkan pelarian tersebut untuk mendapatkan perlindungan di Sabah. Sungguhpun krisis selatan Filipina telah reda pada tahun 1990-an, namun majoriti pelarian tersebut tidak kembali ke sana. Sebaliknya, jumlah mereka semakin bertambah ekoran berlaku migrasi rantaian yang melibatkan kenalan, keluarga dan rakan-rakan mereka yang datang ke Sabah sama ada secara sah mahupun tidak (Hajimin et al, 2016).
Bermula pada 1976 hingga 1985, kerajaan mewujudkan lima skim penempatan untuk pelarian perang dari selatan Filipina di Sabah dan diwartakan oleh kerajaan itu terletak di Telipok dan Kinarut, Kota Kinabalu; Kampung Bahagia, Sandakan; Kampung Selamat, Semporna dan Kampung Hidayah di Tawau. sepanjang sembilan tahun pelaksanaan skim penempatan bagi yang beragama Islam dan kategori 'Orang Teranjak' tidak beragama Islam yang tinggal merata tempat di Sabah, direkodkan jumlah mereka kira-kira 73,000 orang. Skim penempatan itu dihentikan selepas September 1985, iaitu semasa Sabah berada di bawah pemerintahan Kerajaan Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS) (Utusan online 15/1/13).
Bentuk-Bentuk Ancaman Sosial Pendatang Asing Tanpa Izin di Sabah
Beberapa bentuk ancaman sosial pendatang asing tanpa izin telah ditemui oleh penyelidik.
Ancaman Kebersihan dan Kesihatan
Pendatang asing tanpa izin ini tidak mendapat akses kesihatan yang baik di negara penerima. Ketiadaan dokumen perjalanan diri yang sah menghalang mereka untuk mendapatkan rawatan apabila mengalami masalah kesihatan. Mereka tidak dapat mengakses hospital awam. Manakala akses ke hospital swasta memerlukan kos yang tinggi, lebih-lebih lagi kepada bukan warganegara. Hal ini sudah tentu bakal mengancam masyarakat tempatan sekiranya sesuatu penyakit berjangkit yang dialami pendatang asing ini tidak dirawat. Ianya mampu memberi jangkitan kepada masyarakat tempatan sekiranya tidak ada rawatan segera.
Kerajaan Persekutuan Malaysia komited akan isu kesihatan buruh asing dalam sektor formal. Kesihatan pekerja migran ini dilindungi di bawah Skim Perlindungan Insurans Kesihatan Pekerja Asing (SPIKPA). SPIKPA ini telah dilaksanakan oleh kerajaan Malaysia sejak 1 Januari 2011 di mana setiap majikan dikehendaki untuk menginsuranskan pekerja asing. Ianya adalah dalam bidang kuasa Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (Azizah Landa, 2015). Namun, memandangkan terdapat pekerja yang tidak mempunyai pas kerja dan dokumen migrasi yang bekerja dalam sektor tersebut, kelebihan ini tidak dapat diberikan kepada mereka. Sekiranya mereka menghadapi masalah kesihatan yang kritikal, sudah tentu majikan tidak bertanggungjawab kepada mereka. Seterusnya, ia mampu mengancam kesihatan pekerja-pekerja tempatan yang bekerja di bawah majikan yang sama sekiranya penyakit tersebut bersifat berjangkit.
Di samping itu, Jabatan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan telah mendedahkan bahawa 80 peratus pekerja asing di sektor perladangan telah dikesan sebagai pembawa virus HIV. Berdasarkan analisis dan pemerhatian Agensi Dadah Kebangsaan (AADK), kebanyakan kes HIV dalam kalangan pekerja asing di sektor perladangan disebabkan oleh penyalahgunaan dadah dan bukannya aktiviti seksual (Utusan Malaysia, 2 Mei 2008). Tambahan pula, kebanyakan PATI wanita yang ditahan telah terlibat dengan aktiviti pelacuran dengan bekerja di rumah urut, rumah pelacuran dan pusat hiburan di bandar-bandar besar. Sebahagian mereka yang ditahan mempunyai permit kerja dan pas lawatan sosial yang sah tetapi akhirnya terlibat dengan aktiviti tidak sihat. Oleh itu, kerajaan telah memberikan amaran bahawa pelibatan PATI dalam aktiviti pelacuran akan meningkatkan kadar penghidap HIV di Malaysia (Utusan Malaysia, 2 Februari 2002)
Ancaman peningkatan populasi kanak-kanak tanpa negara
Migrasi yang tidak teratur (irregular migration) yang berlangsung selama berdekad-dekad di Sabah telah menyebabkan kewujudan jumlah yang besar kanak-kanak tanpa dokumentasi dari Filipina dan Indonesia. Mereka juga berisiko menjadi tidak bernegara (statelessness) dan dikenali sebagai stateless person. Pendatang asing tanpa izin menyumbangkan masalah ini di Sabah. Seperti yang termaktub di dalam Artikel 1(1) yang diputuskan melalui The 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, istilah “stateless person” adalah merujuk kepada “seseorang yang tidak dianggap sebagai warga di bawah operasi undang-undang bagi mana-mana negara”.
Menurut Fahisham Taib (2014), kanak-kanak yang dilahirkan oleh ibu bapa yang bekerja sebagai buruh asing berisiko tidak bernegara sekiranya kelahiran mereka tidak didaftarkan di konsulat masing-masing, dengan kata lain ianya menjadi punca kepada kegagalan untuk mengesan negara asal keluarga mereka. Ini adalah satu masalah yang kritikal terhadap sebilangan besar kanak-kanak berketurunan Indonesia dan Filipina di Sabah, sehingga mengakibatkan begitu ramai daripada mereka yang dilahirkan di Malaysia dan tidak pernah mengetahui di manakah negara asal mereka. Justeru, penyelidik tidak menolak kemungkinan terdapat kanak-kanak tanpa negara yang dilahirkan oleh ibu bapa pendatang asing tanpa izin yang turut menjadi buruh asing di Sabah.
Milbrant (2012) mendapati golongan tanpa negara sering dikekang untuk mengakses perkhidmatan asas, termasuklah memasuki sistem pendidikan dan pilihan penjagaan kesihatan awam. Dengan kata lain, mereka tidak menerima keperluan asasi. Namun begitu, masyarakat tempatan akan menerima kesannya pada masa hadapan sekiranya kanak-kanak ini mula menjadi dewasa. Populasi golongan tanpa negara yang besar dan semakin berkembang tanpa kawalan ssudah tentu memberi kesan jangka panjang kepada masyarakat tempatan. Akan wujud pertembungan kelangsungan hidup antara masyarakat tempatan dengan golongan ini. Manakala, hak asasi golongan ini semakin mendapat perhatian organisasi-organisasi antarabangsa. Justeru, keadaan ini menekan kerajaan untuk memilih antara komitmen antarabangsa dan kepentingan negara.
Gejala Buruh Kanak-Kanak Tanpa Izin
Pendatang asing tanpa izin juga menyumbangkan buruh kanak-kanak. Terdapat pendatang asing tanpa izin membawa anak-anak, bahkan seluruh ahli keluarga berhijrah ke sesebuah negara. Menurut Ismail Ali (2008), isu penggunaan kanak-kanak dalam pelbagai kegiatan ekonomi dan sosial nampaknya lebih dirasai oleh negeri Sabah berbanding dengan lain-lain negeri dalam Malaysia disebabkan oleh pengalaman sejarah lampaunya, kekayaan ekonomi sumber yang menjanjikan beribu peluang pekerjaan dan kedudukan geografinya yang berjiran dengan negara Filipina dan Indonesia yang selalu menghadapi krisis politik dan ekonomi.
Buruh kanak-kanak ini mudah dijumpai di kawasan industri sektor-sektor informal seperti pasar, restoran, jeti-jeti perikanan dan lain-lain. Menurut Hafidzan (2006), rata-rata kanak-kanak ini bekerja lebih dari lapan jam sehari. Kajian oleh Jalihah dan Rosazman (2010) pula menemui kanak-kanak warga asing dan tempatan yang menjadikan pusat pelupusan sampah sebagai tempat untuk menjana sumber pendapatan. Ramli Dollah et. al (2013) mendapati kanak-kanak yang berusia dari 5 hingga 17 tahun ini bekerja 12 jam sehari dan berhadapan dengan masalah kesihatan seperti selesema berpanjangan, menghidap penyakit kulit dan terpaksa menghidu bau busuk daripada sampah.
Pada masa kini, kebanjiran kanak-kanak warga Filipina di bandar-bandar utama di Sabah, termasuk bandaraya Kota Kinabalu, telah menjadi satu pemandangan biasa. Adalah tidak keterlaluan untuk diperkatakan bahawa kemudahan infrastruktur dan keseronokan di kawasan bandar atau bandaraya utama di negeri Sabah yang disediakan oleh pihak kerajaan seolah-olah menjadi hak milik mutlak kanakkanak warga Filipina, dan kanak-kanak warga tempatan pula hanya layak untuk menikmati kemudahan infrastruktur di kawasan luar bandar yang serba kekurangan (Ismail Ali, 2008).
Memandangkan kanak-kanak warga asing ini tidak lagi layak memasuki ekonomi pasaran dan menyalahi Ordinan Jabatan Buruh Sabah disebabkan oleh faktor usia, maka penglibatan kanak-kanak warga Filipina di Sabah dalam sesuatu kegiatan ekonomi biasanya dibayangi oleh pekerjaan ibu bapa dan penjaga mereka sahaja yang berkerja sebagai buruh upah di pelbagai sektor ekonomi, berniaga hasil-hasil laut, pertanian (sayur-sayuran dan buah-buahan), perkhidmatan seperti menjual rokok, tukang kasut, menjual pelbagai keperluan asas di pasar malam dan sebagainya. Selain membantu ibu bapa atau penjaga menjalankan pekerjaan di atas, kanak-kanak ini juga turut menyediakan perkhidmatan sampingan kepada para pelanggan yang berurusan dengan perniagaan ibu bapa atau penjaga mereka, seperti membekalkan kemudahan beg plastik dan perkhidmatan mengangkat barang kepada orang ramai (Ismail Ali, 2008).
Keadaan ini sudah tentu menggusarkan masyarakat tempatan. Hal ini kerana, peluang pekerjaan informal yang boleh diisi oleh ahli isi rumah tempatan boleh diambil alih oleh buruh kanak-kanak asing. Dari sudut keharmonian, ia memberi impak kepada masyarakat tempatan apabila terlalu ramai buruh kanak-kanak ini berkeliaran di kawasan penempatan dan premis perniagaan mereka. Kanak-kanak yang seharusnya berada di sekolah, namun berada di sektor-sektor pekerjaan infomal tempatan sudah tentu memberikan rasa tidak selesa oleh warga tempatan.
Persaingan peluang pekerjaan
Pada bulan Disember 2006, Syed Shahir, Presiden Malaysian Trade Union Congress atau Kongres Kesatuan Sekerja Malaysia (MTUC) telah mengesahkan bahawa terdapat kira-kira 1.8 juta pekerja asing berdaftar yang direkodkan dan pada masa yang sama juga mengikut anggaran pihak kerajaan terdapat jumlah yang sama untuk pekerja asing yang tidak berdaftar. Jumlah sebenar pekerja asing yang tidak berdaftar boleh mencecah lima juta orang (Rusniah, 2014).
Menurut Zakaria (2005), kebanjiran pendatang asing tanpa izin juga memberi alternatif kepada kontraktor untuk menggunakan khidmat mereka tanpa melalui semua proses di atas. Ini disebabkan oleh;
a. Pekerja asing sanggup menerima kadar upah yang lebih murah berbanding pekerja tempatan;
b. Pekerja asing tidak banyak menimbulkan kerenah dan sang¬gup menerima apa jua syarat yang dikenakan kepada mere¬ka;
c. Kebajikan pekerja asing tidak perlu dijaga dan diberikan per¬hatian dengan sempurna;
d. Kemudahan-kemudahan yang disediakan kepada pekerja asing boleh disediakan di bawah tahap keperluan minima; dan
e. Pekerja asing lebih mudah untuk berpindah-randah berband¬ing pekerja tempatan yang kebanyakannya mempunyai tem¬pat kediaman yang tetap atau berkeluarga.
Masyarakat tempatan menyedari bahawa pendatang asing tanpa izin sanggup melakukan apa-apa sahaja pekerjaan untuk meneruskan kelangsungan hidup. Dalam keadaan sedemikian, terdapat segelintir majikan yang mangambil kesempatan ke atas tenaga kerja migran ini dimana ada majikan yang berminat untuk menggajikan pekerja migran yang datang secara haram atau tidak sah dengan tujuan meraih keuntungan yang lebih. Masyarakat tempatan merasakan ini sebuah ancaman terhadap peluang mereka untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan. Apabila berdepan situasi pengangguran, pendatang asing tanpa izin menjadi sasaran utama untuk disalahkan.
Ancaman Penempatan Haram
Penempatan haram seringkali dibuka oleh pendatang asing yang bekerja di negeri Sabah. Jalihah (2003) mendapati kawasan setinggan meningkat jumlahnya dalam tiga dekad sebelum ini terutamanya selepas pengaliran masuk pelarian dan pendatang tanpa izin dari Filipina sejak tahun 1975. Walaupun gambaran negatif sinonim dengan kawasan setinggan, realitinya kawasan ini masih lagi merupakan lokasi tumpuan golongan penghijrah terutamanya pendatang asing. Dayu (1981) pula mendapati bahawa terdapat dua tahap perkembangan kawasan setinggan di Kota Kinabalu. Pertama peringkat awal berlaku sebelum 1970-an yang melibatkan setinggan tempatan. Manakala tahap kedua iaitu selepas tahun 1970-an memperlihatkan kemunculan setinggan asing secara berleluasa.
Kumpulan pendatang asing ramai bertumpu di kawasan pulau selain daripada membina penempatan di perkampungan setinggan darat. Jika dibandingkan dengan setinggan di kawasan darat, penghuni setinggan yang tinggal di sekitar pulau berdepan dengan masalah prasarana yang lebih kritikal (Jalihah, 2010). Meskipun kawasan setinggan berdepan dengan masalah kekurangan prasarana namun, rata-rata penghuni setinggan berjaya menyesuaikan diri dengan isu ini. Sebagai contoh, penghuni setinggan secara bergilir-gilir mendapatkan bekalan air yang diatur oleh pemilik meter air. Malahan bekalan air menjadi perniagaan yang menguntungkan bagi pemilik meter air di kawasan setinggan (Jalihah, 2003).
Menurut Wan Shawaluddin dan Ramli Dollah (2013), persekitaran yang kotor merupakan satu fenomena biasa di kawasan setinggan atau koloni pendatang. Tempat pembuangan sampah tidak disediakan oleh kerajaan tempatan di setinggan-setinggan. Adapun sistem sanitasi dan saliran yang berkesan tidak dibina di penempatan tersebut. Wan Shawaluddin dan Ramli Dollah (2013) juga menyimpulkan bahawa keadaan ini mendedahkan penduduk di kawasan koloni ini dengan ancaman penyakit berbahaya yang boleh berjangkit kepada penduduk yang tinggal di kawasan berhampiran. Oleh itu, secara tidak langsung, kewujudan penempatan mempunyai kaitan dengan ancaman kebersihan dan kesihatan.
Translation - English Introduction
This research is about the social threat of illegal immigrants towards the locals in Sabah which revolves around safety issue. Safety issue has a wide description and it can be categorized into two categories, which are traditional safety and non-traditional safety. Traditional safety refers to the threats on national military, borders, supremacy, and concept (Buzan, 2008).
In this research, the researcher focused more on the non-traditional safety concept in order to identify the social threat. According to Al Araf and Anto Ali Abbas (2008), threat is no longer in the form of military threat, but, it also involves political threat, social threat, economical threat, as well as ecological threat. These stated problems and threats were part of non-traditional security issues.
Since the end of Cold War, safety issue has become a wider issue including problems such as piracy, illegal immigration, goods and armor smuggling, human trafficking, and other cross-border crimes which trigger the involved countries’ leaders (Ruhanas, 2009). Due to that reason, illegal immigrants in Sabah could also bring potential to contributing threats towards the locals. Illegal international migration could result to activities that against the law and cross-border crimes.
A particular country’s conditions that are peaceful and economical-stable play a role as the attracting factor to this group of people. In the context of Sabah, a very active rate of human migration across the borders was recorded since it has three international borders which are Brunei, Philippines, and Indonesia. It was found that the most active migrations into Sabah were contributed by the Filipinos and Indonesians. A variety of social threat imposed towards the locals, together with the data on the locals’ responses on this issue will be elaborated below.
Problem Statement
It was regarded by some researcher that international migration was the main factor which created those illegal immigrants. According to Shuto (2006), migration refers to a dynamic process in which it is related to the liberalization of market economy, foreign worker offer, and inconsistent migration policy especially by the welcoming countries. These conditions caused uncontrollable migration situation and it became worse when illegal immigrants moved into their countries.
In Malaysia, uncontrolled and continuous foreigners entries have become a critical issue to be handled by the government. Since past few years, it is estimated that over 2.3 million of foreign workers, which is 23% of total workers in Malaysia, have settled in this country. Out of the stated numbers, half of them were estimated to be illegal immigrants who sneaked into Malaysia using various channels (Rusniah Ahmad, et.al, 2014). Until this point, this migration phenomenon is still happening and has been influencing the locals’ social reality. Illegal migrations caused the personal information of the illegal immigrants such as their records of health, criminal involvement, education level, and other information to be unavailable in the host country’s record.
Wan Syawaluddin et. al (2003) found that the Filipinos and Indonesians have keep entering Sabah to gain better facilities and living standards compared to those in their countries. Sabah is one of the states in Malaysia which has been the easiest state to be entered by the illegal immigrants. This is due to its location which is nearby the mentioned countries and its close historic relationship with neighboring countries. Therefore, the researcher assumed that this group will discreetly compete with the local to obtain precious sources such as space, job opportunities, informal sector business, and others.
According to Wan Marzuki (2008), Ministry of Home Affairs once declared that 14 809 out of 37 446 prisoners in Malaysia were among foreigners in which most of them were illegal immigrants. This number is said to be exceeding 28% of the bearable capacity of Malaysian prisons. Not only crime apart, it was not opposed by the researcher that there could be other social threat which caused the locals and authority to feel uneasy with the existence of this people. Certainly, the recorded number has brought concern to the locals’ and government’s attentions.
Background of Illegal Immigrants’ Existence in Sabah
It would be lacking of objectivity if a research on illegal immigrants in Sabah did not cover a bit on the history and international migration factor of this state. Migration is not a new phenomenon in Sabah, in fact, it has been occurring since Spanish colonization in Philippines which caused the migration of Filipinos to Sabah. Nomad ethnics originated from the Philippines’s and Borneo’s provinces and straits such as Bajau (Bajau Laut) which is also known as ‘sea gypsies’ have been settling in Sabah’s border (Kamal Sadiq, 2015). The people of Bajau and Sulu which are also the majority tribes that have been occupying south of Philippines such as Basilan, Tawi-Tawi, Palawan, Davao, Sitangkai, and Zamboanga have the most number of migration to Sabah (Wan Shawaluddin & Ramli Dollah, 2013)
According to Wan Shawaluddin and Ramli Dollah (2013), the migration term itself is hard to be conceptualized since the state itself was once the territory of Sulu Emperor. From here, it can be said that nowadays immigrants are those who used to enter and live in this country. However, after the human-creation borders existed, these people are stuck between the circumstances. Finally, it is clear that they are just the victims of situation, hence, pulling them to be classified as illegal immigrants at an acknowledged country which has its own borders.
Drawing on the findings by Salah Jubair (1999), after Sabah gained its liberty in Malaysia in 1963, many people took the opportunity to obtain the citizenship. People from Bajau and Sulu ethnicities who failed to do so although they have been living there for a long period of time, are then classified as immigrants. Based on the report from 1970 Population Census, there were 20 505 immigrants who live in Sabah, and the number was increased to 90 030 in 1980. Due to this point, there was possibility that some of them involved in the missing from the Birth and Identification registration phenomenon. This factor has been recorded by Olson (2007) in which he discovered that there were local children from tribal families such as Bajau Laut faced the risk of being regarded as stateless immigrants due to inadequate knowledge and information.
Nevertheless, the main factors of the immigration of this group of people to Sabah were due to economy and survivability factors. According to Azizah Kassim (1998), the wave of immigration of this group of people to Sabah was found to keep increasing indicated by the occupant of Filipinos and Indonesians in the whole state especially in Tawau. The entrance of Filipino and Indonesian immigrants were due to economy and close distance factors which enabled them to enter this state easily.
Vast job opportunities in Sabah have been the attracting factor since the era of post-independence. Upon Sabah’s independency, the lack of workforce has been a major issue and restricted the economy development of the state. This issue left the ruler with no choice but to import foreign workforce in a big number to fill the job vacancies in high-demand sectors (Kahin, 1947). For the sake of economy development and to resolve the lack of workforce issue in Sabah, as well as current political factor, thousands of immigrants from Philippines and Indonesia came to Sabah in order to fill the urgency of workforce demand (Kurus, et. al., 1998: 162; Ho Tin Seng, 1998).
As the consequence, the excessive number of Filipino refugees in the 1960s and 1970s was regarded as a perfectly timed to be happened as it could help overcoming the problem of workforce inadequacy in this state. In other words, it is not surprising to come into an argument where it was not only due to political factor that contributed to the flexibility of Tun Mustapha’s policy on the immigrants from Philippines in the era of 1970, but also the factor of workforce inadequacy (Bahrin and Rachagan, 1984 & Ho Tin Seng, 1989).
Besides that, the issue of illegal immigrants in Sabah was also due to the heist that happened in their original countries. In other words, they all were war refugees who seek for asylum. Malaysian government’s experience in dealing with war refugees in Sabah was in 1972 due to the declaration of emergency by Marcos as there was a war between Philipines Armed Forces (PAF) and Moro Nationalist Liberation Front (MNLF). On that occurence, over 70 000 refugees from the south of Philipines ran away to Sabah (Shamsul Bahrin & Rachagan, 1984).
As stated by Hajimin et. al, (2016), Malaysia do not have any allocation to providing protection towards refugees. This was due to the reason that Malaysia did not sign the 1957 Refugee Convention and 1967 Protocol regarding the responsibility of giving protection towards international refugees. Malaysian laws involving the affairs of immigration are referred to Immigration Act 1959/63. According to the act, “any individual who is against Section 5, 6, 8, 9 and 15 of Immigration Act 1959/63 or Rule 39, Immigration Rules 1963, will be regarded as illegal migrant (PATI)”, hence, it classified refugees just the same as illegal immigrants.
Refugees also have to face the same actions to be taken on them the same as on illegal immigrants which are being captured, arrested, punished, and sent back to their origin countries. However, due to sense of humanity and blood-related with the Sulu ancestor factors, Chief Minister of Sabah, Tun Datu Mustapha has given the permission to the refugees for them to obtain protection in Sabah. In spite of the recovery of Philippines crisis in 1990s, those refugees did not go back to their country. In fact, their numbers kept increasing due to chain migration involving legal and illegal migrations of their contacts, families, and friends to Sabah (Hajimin et al, 2016).
From 1976 to 1985, the government provided five placement schemes for the war refugees from the south of Philipines in Sabah and were chartered to be located at Telipok and Kinarut, Kota Kinabalu; Kampung Bahagia, Sandakan; Kampung Selamat, Semporna and Kampung Hidayah in Tawau. Within nine years period of these placement schemes, it was recorded that the number of refugees were approximately 73, 000 people. Among the number, those who are Muslims and ‘Orang Teranjak’, the categorization for non-Muslims, have stayed in many places in Sabah. After September 1985, the placement schemes were ceased when Sabah was under the governance of Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS) (Utusan online 15/1/13).
Forms of Social Threat by Illegal Immigrants in Sabah
There were several forms of social threat found by the researcher which were imposed by the illegal immigrants.
Health and Hygiene Threat
These illegal immigrants did not receive good health accessibility in Sabah. Unavailability of their travelling document such as visa restricted them to receive health treatment as they could not go to the government hospitals. In addition, the access to private hospitals would cost them a high price especially with the fact that they were not citizens. This issue will certainly threaten the locals if any infectious diseases brought by these immigrants were not treated as it could be transmitted to the locals.
The Malaysian government is committed on the health issue of foreign workers in the formal sector. Their health requirements were protected under Foreign Workers Health Insurance Protection Scheme (SPIKPA). This scheme was implemented by the government since 1st January of 2011 in which every employers are required to apply for insurance to the foreign workers. It was under the authority of Malaysian Ministry of Health (Azizah Landa, 2015). Nevertheless, since there were workers who did not possess working pass and migration document, this privilege could not be given to them. If these foreign workers got serious health issue, their employers would definitely not take responsibility on them hence, it could harm the local workers’ health who worked under the same employers if the disease was transmittable.
Besides that, Department of Occupational Safety and Health revealed that 80% of foreign workers in the farming sector have been diagnosed as the HIV carrier. Based on the analysis and observation by National Anti-Drugs Agency (NADA), most of the HIV cases among the foreign workers in the farming sector were due to drug abuse and not because of sexual activity (Utusan Malaysia, 2 May 2008). In addition, most of the arrested female illegal immigrants involved in the prostitution activities by working at massage center, prostitution center, and night clubs in big cities. Some of those who were arrested did possess valid working permits and social visit pass, however, they eventually got themselves involved with unhealthy activities. Due to that reason, the government warned that the involvement of illegal immigrants in the prostitution activities will increase the rate of HIV sufferers in Malaysia (Utusan Malaysia, 2 February 2002).
Overpopulation Threat of Stateless Children
Irregular migration that happened for decades in Sabah has resulted to a high number of undocumented children from Philippines and Indonesia. They were also in the risk of being stateless and regarded as stateless person. Illegal immigrants contributed to this problem in Sabah. As stated in Article 1(1) which was determined upon The 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, the “stateless person” term refers to an individual “who is not regarded as a citizen under the law authorization of any countries.”
According to Fahisham Taib (2014), children who are born by parents who work as foreign workers have the potential to be stateless person if their birth are not registered in their consulates, in other words, it will lead to the failure of tracking their family’s origin country. It is a critical problem to the majority of Indonesian and Filipino children in Sabah that it has resulted to the situation where they were born in Malaysia but, they never knew where their origin countries were. For that reason, the researcher did not oppose the possibility that there might be stateless children who were born by foreign workers in Sabah.
Milbrant (2012) discovered that stateless person were always restricted to access basic services, including education system and public healthcare options. In other words, they did not receive basic needs. Nevertheless, the locals will eventually get affected in the future time once these children begin to grow. The high and keep increasing population of these stateless person without any controls will definitely bring long-term effects towards the locals. There will be an interception of lives survival between the locals and these people. As the human rights of these group of people keep getting the global organizations’ attention, this will push the government to choose between international commitment or national needs.
Unpermitted Children Labor Issue
Illegal immigrants also contributed to the children employment as there were illegal immigrants who brought their children and in fact, the whole family members migrated to a particular country. According to Ismail Ali (2008), the issue of children employment in various economy and social activities seemed to be more obvious in Sabah if compared to other states in Malaysia due to its past historic experience, its rich economy resources which promised vast job opportunities, and its geographical location that is situated nearby Philippines and Indonesia which have always facing political and economy crisis.
These labors among the children were easily found in the informal industrial areas such as at the market, restaurant, fishery port, and other places. According to Hafidzan (2006), most of these children worked for more than eight hours per day. In addition, research by Jalihah and Rosazman (2010) discovered that foreign and local children made use of landfill as their place for generating income. Ramli Dollah et. al (2013) found that children of age between five till 17 years old worked for 12 hours per day and were in risk of getting health issue such as bad flu, skin disease, and had to inhale unpleasant smell from the rubbish.
Nowadays, the high number of Filipino children population at the main cities in Sabah, including Kota Kinabalu city center, has been a common view. It is not an exaggerated statement that the facilities and excitement provided by the government at the main cities especially in Sabah have been utilized and claimed by these Filipino children as their full rights, whereas our local children are only able to enjoy these infrastructures in the rural area which are full of imperfection (Ismail Ali, 2008).
Since these foreign children are no longer entitled to enter the market economy and against the Labor Department Ordinance of Sabah due to age factor, hence, their involvement in employment are normally influenced by their parents’ or guardians’ jobs as labors in various economy sectors, selling marine catch, farming (fruits and vegetables), providing services such as cigarettes, shoes-mending, basic groceries in night markets and others. Other than helping their parents to do the jobs, these children also provided side services to the customers such as handling plastic bags and lifting the goods for them (Ismail Ali, 2008).
This situation would definitely bring concern the local community as there were possibilities for their informal job opportunity to be filled by those foreign children labors. From the context of peaceful environment, this situation gave impact towards the locals as there were too many foreign children labors wandering nearby their housing area and business premises; those children who were supposed to be in school, but were there nearby their informal business sectors instead.
Competition in Employment
In December 2006, Syed Shahir, President of Malaysian Trade Union Congress (MTUC) has confirmed that there were over 1.8 million registered foreign workers recorded and at the same time, the same number was estimated to be among those who were not registered. The real population of unregistered foreign workers in Malaysia could reach the number of five million people (Rusniah, 2014).
According to Zakaria (2005), the overpopulation of illegal immigrants also gave alternatives to the contractors to use their service without going through all the processes above. This was due to:
Kebanjiran pendatang asing tanpa izin juga memberi alternatif kepada kontraktor untuk menggunakan khidmat mereka tanpa melalui semua proses di atas. What processes?
a. Foreign workers are willing to receive lower wage compared to the local workers;
b. Foreign workers do not create much trouble and are willing to agree with any terms and conditions chargeed on them;
c. In term of welfare, foreign workers do not really require perfect attention;
d. Allocated facilities for these foreign workers can be done below minimum requirement; and e. Foreign workers can be easily transferred compared to the local workers who already have permanent home and families.
The locals realized that illegal immigrants are willing to do any works for the sake of surviving. Under this circumstance, there were some employers who took advantages on these illegal immigrant workforces to increase their profitability. This situation was regarded by the locals as a threat in terms of employment competition. When there was unemployment issue, illegal immigrants would be the main target to be blamed.
Illegal Settlements Threat
Illegal settlements were always opened by the immigrants working in Sabah. Jalihah (2003) discovered that the number of squatter settlements has increased in these previous three decades, especially after the continuous entries of Filipino refugees and illegal immigrants since 1975. In spite of negative connotation was always synonym with squatter settlements, but in reality, these areas were still the hotspot for the immigrants. In addition, Dayu (1981) found that there were two development stages of squatter settlements in Kota Kinabalu. Firstly, initiation stage which happened before 19702 that involved locals’ squatter settlement. As for the second stage, it happened after 1970s involving uncontrolled foreigners’ squatter settlement.
There were also group of immigrants that made island area as their hotspot for settlements. In comparison to landed squatter settlements, the occupants who lived in island area faced a more critical facilities problem (Jalihah, 2010). Nevertheless, most of them managed to adapt with this issue. For instance, they used clean water supply based on rotation mechanism which was managed by the water meter owner. Not only that, clean water supply has become a lucrative business to the owner (Jalihah, 2003).
According to Wan Shawaluddin and Ramli Dollah (2013), dirty environment was a common phenomenon at the squatter settlement or immigrants’ colony. Landfill was not provided by the local government nearby those areas and there might be sanitary and drainage systems built, but, with poor conditions. Wan Shawaluddin and Ramli Dollah (2013) also concluded that these conditions exposed dangerous threat towards the occupants especially in terms of their health and hygiene as it was easier for transmittable disease to be infected within those conditions.
Source text - Malay 2.0 LESSON LEARNT
Kejayaan syarikat DefTech meneroka bidang baru dan penuh mencabar banyak bergantung kepada kekuatan kepimpinan dan pengurusan yang cekap.
i) LEADERSHIP
DefTech mempunyai kepimpinan yang berwawasan dan berani membuat keputusan di atas keperluan negara memilliki kepakaran membina kenderaan peperangan sendiri. DefTech telah memenangi kontrak Kerajaan Malaysia bagi membekal kenderaan tentera berperisai. Bagi merealisasi tujuan tersebut kepimpinan DefTech telah berjaya memperolehi rakan kongsi (partnership) bagi pembuatan armoured vehicle iaitu FNNS dari Turki dengan menggunakan injin dari German, system komunikasi dari Perancis dan senjata dari South Africa. Pemilihan rakan kongsi dari Turki adalah penting bagi mempastikan berlakunya pemindahan teknologi (transferred technology) kearah menjadikan Malaysia sebagai hub pengeluaran kenderaan tentera.
ii) MANAGEMENT
Pengurusan yang cekap adalah factor penting kejayaan. Kebolehan DefTech mengurus rakan kongsi dan pelanggan menjadi kunci kejayaan.
a) Rakan kongsi dari Turki, German, France dan South Africa merupakan rakan kongsi professional yang telah memberi kerjasama dengan membekalkan komponen peralatan dan memberi latihan kepada jurutera dan technician.
b) Pelanggan – Kejayaan mengurus pelanggan dengan menepati kehendaknya dan masa yang ditetapkan adalah penting. Bagi menjamin kualiti produk, DefTech melakukan kawalan kualiti (quality control) disetiap sektor pengeluaran. DefTech berjaya menyakinkan dan mendapat kontrak dari Kerajaan Malaysia bagi membekal kenderaan berperisai sehingga 2020.
c) Staf mahir – Kakitangan yang terlibat dengan kerja-kerja teknikal seperti juru kimpal (Welder) dianggap pekerja mahir dan kritikal. Sebahagian mereka, bila mempunyai kemahiran akan berindah ke tempat kerja lain kerana gaji yang lebih lumayang. Dengan itu, pengurusan bersetuju supaya golongan ini perlu diambil dari peduduk tempatan dan diberi latihan. Kaedah ini berjaya mengalang brain drain kerana dia berkerja dalam keadaan kondusif, berdekatan keluarga dan menjimatkan kos.
d) Melaksana 5S – Five steps to becoming world–class. Sort – remove a unneccessory terms, only what is needed when it’s needed, set in order – a place for everything and everything in its place, shine – are you “ tour ready”? Clean and clear work areas highlight problems, standardise – make best practice common practice, sustain – keep improving your competition in. Slogan di atas adalah satu kaedah digunakan di DefTech bagi mengubah sikap pekerja dengan mengadakan coaching dan monitoring. Hasil yang ditunjukkan amat baik dengan tempat kerja yang bersih dan kemas serta sikap pekerja lebih positif.
e) Perancangan jangka panjang – bagi mempastikan syarikat sentiasa kompeten dimasa hadapan, pasaran sentiasa diterokai dengan menghadiri pameran diperingkat antarabangsa dan hasilnya perbincangan telah diadakan dengan kerajaan Arab Saudi.
3.0 SUGGESTIONS TO IMPROVE THE PUBLIC SERVICE
Kejayaan DefTech mengeluarkan kenderaan armour tentera untuk kerajaan Malaysia amat membanggakan dan beberapa panduan boleh diambil untuk memajukan perkhidmatan awam.
a) Pemimpin menerajui organisasi mestilah berupaya menilai kekuatan dan kelemahan serta membuat penambahbaikan dengan mengambil contoh organisasi yang berjaya. Pemimpin juga perlu ada scenario planning dan cadangan mengatasi halangan.
b) Untuk meningkatkan kemahiran dan menambah pengalaman kerja, kaedah attachment dengan syarikat dalam tempoh tertentu adalah dicadangkan.
c) Meneroka kaedah baru bagi meningkatkan penyampaian seperti self-regulatory, dimana pihak jabatan hanya membuat audit secara berkala.
d) Mengubah sikap pekerja untuk rasa seronok bekerja dengan suasana kondusif dengan menjadikan organisasi adalah milik kita bersama
e) Piagam pelanggan sentiasa dipatuhi bagi menyakinkan pelanggan dan perlu dibuat penambahbaik dari masa ke semasa.
4.0 KESIMPULAN
Kekuatan sesebuah organisasi bergantung kepada keupayaan kepimpinan menentukan halatuju (way forward) dengan sokongan kakitangan, kepekaan kepada perkembangan persekitaran dan berlaku penambahbaikan berterusan.
Translation - English 2.0 LESSONS LEARNED
DefTech’s success in exploring new field that is full of challenge was resulted from their strong leadership and efficient management.
i) LEADERSHIP
DefTech is led by a leadership of full of vision and willing to make any decisions in order to serve the country with the needs of high expertise in producing our nation’s own military vehicles. DefTech has sealed the armoured military vehicle’s contract from the government of Malaysia. For the realization of the dream, DefTech’s leadership managed to collaborate on a new partnership for the manufacturing of armoured vehicle with FNNS, a Turkish company, and also, the vehicles will be using Germany engine system, French communication system, and South African armoury. The selection of partnership from Turkey is crucial to ensure the transfer of technology towards making Malaysia as a military vehicles manufactory hub.
ii) MANAGEMENT
Efficient management is the determiner for the success of DefTech. DefTech’s ability to manage their business partners and customers is the key factor for their success.
a) Their business partners from Turkey, German, France, and South Africa practice professional partnerships who have given them great collaboration in supplying components of equipment and providing training to the engineers and technicians.
b) Customers – Their great achievement in managing their customers’ needs and within the required time is vital. For quality assurance, DefTech implemented quality control procedure in every production sector. They managed to convince the Malaysian government and sealed a contract as armoured vehicles supplier until 2020.
c) Competent staff – Those who are involved in technical works such as welders are regarded as competent and critical workforce, and when they achieved high skill, some of them would try to move into a new company due to higher wage factor. Realizing this issue, the management agreed to employ this group of competent and critical workforce among the locals and provide them with training. This method managed to stop the brain drain from happening as these workforces work in a conducive condition, close to their family, and cost-efficient.
d) Implementation of 5S – 5S refers to the five steps to becoming world–class which are:
Sort – removal of unnecessary terms, only what is needed when it’s needed.
Set in order – a place for everything and everything in their place.
Shine – are you ‘tour-ready?’ Clean and clear work areas, and highlight problems.
Standardise – make the best practice as a common practice.
Sustain – keep improving your competition in.
All the above slogans are the method applied at DefTech in order to change the employees’ behaviours by conducting coaching and monitoring. This practice resulted greatly as they now have a clean and neat workplace as well as more positive employees’ behaviour and attitude.
e) Long-term planning – To ensure the competency of the company in the future time, DefTech keeps on exploring the market by participating international exhibition and as for the outcome, they managed to have a discussion with Saudi Arabia government.
3.0 SUGGESTIONS TO IMPROVE THE PUBLIC SERVICE
Their success in producing armoured military vehicles for the government of Malaysia is really something that DefTech should be proud of. From here, there are several guidelines that can be practiced for the sake of public service improvement.
a) It is crucial for leaders to have the ability to value their organizations’ strength and weakness as well as to improve the weakness part by taking successful organization as role model. They also need to have a scenario planning and provide suggestion to overcome any hurdles.
b) In order to increase the employees’ skills and working experience, it is recommended that the attachment-to-the-company for a certain period of time method to be taken.
c) Explore new method to increase the delivery like self-regulatory in which the department will only do the audit periodically.
d) Change the employees’ behaviour and attitude to the feeling of excitement in working with conducive environment by creating a mutual belongingness of the organization among them.
e) Ensure the obligatory of customer policy among the employees to convince the customers and it has to be upgraded from time to time.
4.0 CONCLUSION
An organization’s strength depends on the leadership’s ability to determine their direction (way forward) with the support from their employees, awareness on the development in surroundings, and continuous improvements.
Malay to English: Case Study: May Day, May Day
Source text - Malay TOPIC:
MAY DAY, MAY DAY
QUESTIONS
1. Identify the key problems in the case.
Kunci masalah dalam kes ini ialah:
i. Majority sikap staf di Communication Division Royal Malaysian Police (CDRMP) di Pahang yang selesa dengan keadaan sedia ada dan tidak mahu perubahan.
ii. Dua juruteknik kanan yang ditugaskan khas untuk belajar dengan syarikat yang diberikan kontrak maintenance infrastruktur equipment system selama dua tahun gagal melakukan. Manakala kursus yang diberikan oleh syarikat pembekal kepada semua juruteknik hanya untuk maintenance mobile equipment saja.
iii. Tiada sokongan teknikal dari stesen lain termasuk dari Kuala Lumpur kerana mereka juga menyerahkan kepada syarikat untuk kerja-kerja maintenance infrastruktur equipment.
iv. Perubahan dasar kerja-kerja maintenance and services peralatan communication oleh syarikat kepada melakukan sendiri dilakukan secara mengejut dalam tempoh yang singkat iaitu sebulan setengah.
2. Suggest ways to overcome the prolems:
i. Semasa perbincangan dilakukan majority staf di CDRMP menolak untuk mengambil alih kerja-kerja yang akan dilakukan oleh syarikat walaupun ditawarkan dengan lebihan elaun. Penolakan di atas dengan pelbagai alasan seperti beban tugas dan faktor umur, hampir bersara. Walau bagaimanapun terdapat juga staf yang nampak ini adalah sebagai peluang seperti Const. Kim.
Bagi menyelesaikan masalah ini dicadangkan pihak atasan membuat tawaran kepada staf yang berminat menyertai division ini dengan pelbagai insentif. Dengan adanya kehadiran staf yang berminat dan semangat tinggi perancangan akan dapat dilakukan dengan licin. Perlu diambil perhatian kerja-kerja ini memerlukan kepada pengetahuan teknikal dan bagi staf yang tiada asas ia perlu kepada ketekunan belajar. Ini mungkin antara sebab mengapa staf sedia ada tidak berminat kerana faktor umur dan asas akademik yang rendah.
ii. Penyelesaian kepada ketiadaan staf yang kompeten dan sanggup melaksanakan tugas serta tiada sokongan dari stesen luar di atasi dengan menerima tawaran latihan dari Syarikat Budiman dengan melaksana beberapa perubahan.
iii. Perubahan dasar yang dilakukan secara mengejut iaitu maintenance infrastructure equipment system dilakukan oleh syarikat kepada melakukan sendiri menyebabkan staf tidak bersedia.
Oleh kerana Pahang dijadikan pilot projek bagi melaksanakan perubahan ini, maka pihak CDRMP perlu menerima tawaran yang diberikan oleh syarikat untuk melatih dalam masa sebulan setengah. Pelaksanaan ini akan berjaya dan berjalan lancar jika peserta berminat dan mempunyai asas akademik teknikal. Staf yang berjaya menamat kursus akan ditempatkan di CDRMP dan akan diberi insentif seperti extra elaun.
3. If you were ASP Ahmad , what short term and long term options would you propose?
Bagi memastikan projek ini berjaya pelan pelaksanaan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang perlu dilaksanakan.
i. Short term plan proposal
Pelan jangka pendek dilaksanakan dengan segera sehingga satu tahun.
a) Membuat tawaran kepada staf yang berminat menyertai projek ini berserta faedah-faedah yang akan didapati dengan jelas.
b) CDRM perlu mengambil tawaran latihan yang oleh Syarikat Budiman kerana kerajaan tiada sumber kepakaran dalaman. Harga latihan selama sebulan setengah boleh dibincang semula dengan menawarkan syarikat tersebut sebagai penyelia/ fesilitator selama satu tahun sebagai backup servis jika ada kerosakan.
c) Latihan permulaan selama sebulan setengah dilaksanakan kepada semua staf yang akan mengambil alih tugas dari syarikat bagi memastikan tanggungjawab kerja dapat laksanakan.
d) Keperluan melantik syarikat tersebut seperti dinyatakan di atas (3.i.b) adalah penting bagi memastikan perpindahan tanggungjawab (transfer of duty/obligation) dapat dilaksanakan dengan berkesan di bawah penyeliaan syarikat.
e) Latihan untuk penyelia/pelatih (trainer) bagi menyelia kerja-kerja dan melatih juruteknik.
f) Menawarkan insentif berupa elaun dan mengurangkan mereka dengan tugas pentadbiran biasa.
ii. Long Term Proposal
Pelan jangka panjang adalah kesinambungan daripada pelan jangka pendek dimana selepas satu tahun pihak kerajaan mengambilalih sepenuhnya semua urusan maintenance peralatan dan system komunikasi tanpa bergantung kepada syarikat. Bagi memastikan projek ini berjaya pelan jangka panjang perlu dilaksanakan.
a) Pegambilan staf di division ini perlu kepada asas akademik teknikal kerana teknologi komunikasi berubah dengan pantas.
b) Latihan berterusan perlu dilaksanakan bagi memastikan staf yang berkhidmat di sini sentiasa kompeten dengan peralatan dan teknologi terkini. Di samping itu melatih staf-staf baru.
c) Struktur organisasi division ini perlu diperkemaskan dengan kerja-kerja teknikal dan capacity-building sepanjang masa diberi keutamaan kerana kekuatan komunikasi polis berada di division ini.
d) Bagi menarik minat staf berkhidmat di division ini yang terlalu teknikal, peluang kemajuan kerjaya perlu diambil kira berdasarkan kompetensi atau time-based bukan berdasarkan kekosongan.
e) Staf yang berkhidmat di division ini yang melakukan kerja-kerja teknikal perlu diberi pengiktirafan seperti sijil-sijil berkaitan kerja teknikal untuk kemajuan kerjaya dimasa hadapan.
Translation - English 1. The key problems in this case are as follows:
i. The attitude of the staff in Communication Division Royal Malaysian Police (CDRMP) of Pahang in which majority of them preferred to be in the comfort zone as they were already satisfied with the current condition and uninterested to embrace any changes.
ii. Two (senior/first)-technicians who were specially assigned to train with the company that has been given the infrastructure equipment system maintenance contract for two years failed to complete it. In terms of the training course given by the supplier company to all technicians, the field covered in the course was only mobile equipment maintenance per se.
iii. There is no technical support from other stations including the one at Kuala Lumpur as all infrastructure equipment maintenance works were also handed over to the company by those stations.
iv. Sudden change of the work policy for the communication equipment maintenance and services made by the company within a very short notice which was one and a half months period.
2. Suggest ways to overcome the problems.
i. A meeting was conducted and majority of the CDRMP staff declined to take over the works of the company in spite of being offered with extra allowance. The declination was due to various reasons such as workloads, age factor, and edge of the retirement period. Nevertheless, Const. Kim was one of those who saw the take-over as an opportunity.
It is recommended for the upper management to offer their subordinates who are interested to join the division with multiple incentives. It is convinced that a smooth planning can be done with the presence of interested and passionate staff. In addition, it has to be noted that these infrastructure equipment maintenance works require technical knowledge, and certainly, a high determination to learn is needed for those with no basic skills. This very reason might explain why some of the current staff did not have any interest with the take-over due to age factor and low academic competency.
ii. The unavailability of competent staff who are willing to perform the duty, as well as no available technical support from the outside workstation problems can be addressed by accepting the training offer from Syarikat Budiman together with several changes to be made.
iii. Immediate change of policy that was applied in terms of the handover of the infrastructure equipment system maintenance works from the company to the division themselves resulted to the unprepared condition among the division’s staffs.
Since Pahang was chosen as the pilot (testing) project for the implementation of the work policy changes, CDRMP has to accept the offer for a 90-day training given by the company. The implementation will be successful and run smoothly if the participants are interested and have high basic technical academics. Staffs who managed to complete the training course will be placed in CDRMP and they will be given incentive such as extra allowance.
3. If you were ASP Ahmad, what are the short-term and long-term options you would propose?
In order to ensure the success of this project, the implementations of short-term and long-term plans need to be made.
i. Short-term Plan Proposal
Short-term plan will be implemented immediately for one-year period.
a) Place the offer clearly together with the benefits that will be given to the staff who are interested to join this project.
b) CDRMP needs to accept the training offer given by Syarikat Budiman since the government does not have any internal expertise sources. The fee for the 90-day training can be renegotiated by offering the company a one-year contract to supervise or to facilitate the maintenance works as the support service should there any damages occur.
c) All staffs who will be taking over the maintenance works from the company are obliged to undergo the 90-days initiation training to ensure that their capabilities of performing their duties will be convincing.
d) The necessity to appoint the company as stated above in (3. i. b) is vital to ensure that the transfer of duty or obligation can be made effectively under the company’s supervision.
e) Training specified for the supervisors and trainers to monitor the works as well as to train the technicians.
f) Offering incentives to the involved staffs in terms of allowance and reduction of general administration duty.
ii. Long-term Plan Proposal
Long-term plan is the continuity of the short-term plan where after one-year period, the government will take over completely all the equipment and communication system maintenance works without the dependency towards the company. In order to ensure that this project succeeds, the long-term plan needs to be implemented.
a) The staff intake for this division has to be based on the technical academics since the communication technology changes rapidly.
b) A continuous training has to be implemented in order to ensure high competencies of the current equipment and technology among the staffs who serve in this division in addition to the training for the new staffs.
c) The organizational structure of this division needs to be improved by giving an all-time priority to the technical works and capacity-building because it is in this division where the strength of police communication is located.
d) In order to attract the staff to serve in this high-technical division, the opportunity for career advancement based on the competency or time-based needs to be taken into consideration, not depending merely on the vacancy.
e) Acknowledgement such as technical works related certifications should be given to the staffs who serve in this division for their career advancement in the future.
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