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English to Portuguese: Sample one General field: Other
Source text - English Origins of the Samurai
Although an emperor reigned in Japan since ancient times, by the late 1100s powerful military leaders were challenging the power of the imperial court. From the thirteenth century on, Japan was ruled through a dual government structure. While the emperor retained cultural and religious sovereignty over the nation, the military elite during this period assumed political and economic leadership. This system of governance remained in place until the late 1800s.
Samurai (lit. “one who serves”) is the term used to refer to members of Japan’s warrior class. The origins of the samurai can be traced to the eighth and ninth centuries, when large landholdings moved into the hands of the imperial family and related members of the aristocracy (nobles). In the Heian period (794–1185), the Kyoto-based imperial court and nobles depended on the agricultural income from these landholdings, especially large private estates in northern Japan. The need to defend these distant estates from attacks by local chieftains led to the birth of the samurai. The nobles sent from the capital to govern the estates often lacked the skills and authority necessary to maintain security or provide effective administration in such remote districts, so the court appointed deputies from among the local population to assist them. Forerunners of the early samurai, these deputies built local and regional power by creating privately controlled militia known as “warrior bands."
Starting as little more than family organizations, warrior bands were initially formed for the duration of a specific military campaign and then disbanded to allow the men to return to farming. By the eleventh century the bands were changing to groups of fighting men not necessarily connected through kinship. Power was beginning to aggregate in the hands of a few elite military families, or clans, whose regional dominance was supported by the fighting abilities of retainers and vassals. These were men bound to their lords by vows of loyalty and/or other contractual obligations, such as grants of land or income in exchange for military service.
Translation - Portuguese Origens dos Samurais
Embora um imperador reinasse no Japão desde os tempos antigos, ao final dos anos 1100 poderosos líderes militares estavam desafiando o poder da corte imperial. Do século XIII em diante, o Japão foi governado através de uma estrutura governamental dupla. Enquanto o imperador manteve a soberania cultural e religiosa sobre a nação, a elite militar assumiu a liderança política e econômica
durante esse período. Esse sistema de governança permaneceu em vigor até o final dos anos 1800.
Samurai (literalmente: “aquele que serve”) é o termo usado para referir-se aos membros da classe guerreira do Japão. As origens do samurais podem ser traçadas até os séculos VIII e IX, quando grandes propriedades de terra passaram para as mãos da
família imperial e membros associados da aristocracia (nobres). No período Heian (794–1185), a corte imperial e os nobres situados em Kyoto dependiam da renda agrícola dessas propriedades, especialmente grandes propriedades privadas no norte do Japão. A necessidade de defender essas propriedades distantes dos ataques dos chefes locais levou ao nascimento dos samurais. Os nobres enviados da capital para governar as propriedades frequentemente careciam das habilidades e autoridade necessárias para manter a segurança ou prover uma administração eficaz em
distritos tão remotos, de modo que a corte designou deputados dentre a população local para ajudá-los. Precursores dos primeiros samurais, esses deputados construíram o poder local e regional através da criação de milícias de controle privado, conhecidas como "bandos de guerreiros."
Começando como pouco mais que organizações familiares, os bandos de guerreiros eram inicialmente formados para a duração de uma campanha militar específica e depois se dissolviam, para permitir que os homens retornassem à agricultura. No século XI os bandos
estavam transformando-se em grupos de homens lutadores não necessariamente ligados por laços de parentesco. O poder estava começando a se agregar nas mãos de algumas famílias militares de elite, ou clãs, cujo domínio regional era apoiado pelas habilidades de combate dos vassalos. Esses eram homens ligados a seus senhores por votos de lealdade e/ou outras obrigações contratuais, como concessões de terra ou renda em troca de serviço militar.
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Bio
Translating requires sensibility! After all, it is the process of globalization of information, knowledge, and ideas, connecting people in their diversity. I aim to perform this occupation with proficiency and zeal.
Therefore, I offer technical translation, general translation, localization, subtitling, proofreading, and MTPE services (English/Spanish>Brazilian Portuguese).
I am studying Japanese, my fourth language, and specializing in biology, history, and linguistics.
I'm always looking to take on new challenges and experiences. If you need a reliable professional, do not hesitate to contact me.
Keywords: portuguese, english, spanish, biology, history, linguistics, proofreading, mtpe, technical translation, general translation. See more.portuguese, english, spanish, biology, history, linguistics, proofreading, mtpe, technical translation, general translation, subtitling. See less.
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