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English to Spanish: Insights on risk and uncertainty General field: Bus/Financial Detailed field: Economics
Source text - English
The primary attribute of competition, universally recognized and evident at a glance, is the "tendency" to eliminate profit or loss, and bring the value of economic goods to equality with their cost. Or, since costs are in the large identical with the distributive shares other than profit, we may express the same principle by saying that the tendency is toward a remainderless distribution of products among the agencies contributing to their production.
But in actual society, cost and value only" tend" to equality; it is only by an occasional accident that they are precisely equal in fact; they are usually separated by a margin of "profit," positive or negative. Hence the problem of profit is one way of looking at the problem of the contrast between perfect competition and actual competition.
(...)
But Uncertainty must be taken in a sense radically
distinct from the familiar notion of Risk, from which it
has never been properly separated. The term "risk," as
loosely used in everyday speech and in economic dis
cussion, really covers two things which, functionally
at least, in their causal relations to the phenomena of
economic organization, are categorically different.
(...)
The essential fact is that "risk" means in some cases a quantity susceptible of measurement, while at other times it is something distinctly not of this character; and there are far-reaching and crucial differences in the bearings of the phenomenon depending on which of the two is really present and operating.
Translation - Spanish
La principal característica de la competencia, tal y como ésta es reconocida universalmente y resulta evidente a simple vista, es su tendencia a reducir el beneficio o la pérdida hasta que el valor del producto en el mercado se iguala al de su coste. O, dicho de otro modo, en tanto que los costes son, en gran medida, iguales a la cuota participativa sin incluir el beneficio, el mismo principio puede ser igualmente expresado diciendo que dicha tendencia es hacia una completa distribución de todos los productos entre aquellas empresas que han contribuido a su producción.
No obstante, en la sociedad actual coste y valor solo "tienden" a ser iguales. De hecho, ambas magnitudes solo coinciden exactamente de forma ocasional y con frecuencia se diferencian por el margen de beneficio, ya sea positivo o negativo. Por tanto, el problema del beneficio es solo una de las posibles formas de abordar las diferencias que existen entre la competencia perfecta y la competencia real.
(...)
Sin embargo, la incertidumbre debe ser entendida en un sentido radicalmente distinto al que tenemos de la noción familiar de riesgo, de la que nunca se la ha distinguido adecuadamente. En realidad, el término "riesgo", tal y como es vagamente usado de forma cotidiana y en conversaciones sobre economía, cubre dos aspectos que, al menos funcionalmente, son completamente diferentes.
(...)
El hecho fundamental es que el término "riesgo" hace referencia, en ciertos casos, a una cantidad susceptible de ser medida, mientras que en otras ocasiones adopta un significado claramente distinto de éste, existiendo diferencias fundamentales e ineludibles a la hora de abordar el fenómeno según cuál de las dos acepciones se esté usando.
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Translation education
Bachelor's degree - UNED
Experience
Years of experience: 26. Registered at ProZ.com: Aug 2013.
Since 2005, I’ve specialized in high-stakes English → Spanish (Spain) translations for the manufacturing, engineering, and legal sectors. My work supports organizations where clarity, compliance, and accuracy aren’t optional but mission‑critical.
I approach every translation as a technical craft. My focus is to produce fluent, native‑sounding Spanish that reads as if originally written for your audience, where every instruction, clause, and specification is clear, usable, and legally sound. This ensures your materials not only convey the right message but also meet the practical and regulatory realities of the Spanish‑speaking market.
With a foundation in technical education and hands‑on industrial experience, I provide precise translation, editing, proofreading, and MTPE services for technical and legal documentation where liability and precision demand expert handling. From detailed EV battery specifications and aerospace manuals to complex contracts and corporate filings, I bring the same level of care and operational rigor to every project.
Specializations:
Technical & Engineering | Software & IT (SaaS, hardware, UI, e‑learning), manufacturing (robotics, automotive & EVs, machinery, metals, plastics, chemicals, electrical equipment), energy (renewable, oil & gas, nuclear, power distribution), and transportation equipment.
Legal | Contracts, NDAs, terms and conditions, privacy policies, corporate documents, litigation materials, court judgments, licenses, patents, and certified personal records.
I currently serve as the trusted Spanish‑language partner for clients across the U.S., Europe, and Asia—often as their dedicated, single provider for English‑to‑Spanish technical and legal translation. If your projects require accuracy you can depend on and communication that “just works,” I’d be glad to collaborate.
