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Rates per language pair: English to Spanish - Rates: 0.06 - 0.09 USD per word / 20 - 30 USD per hour Spanish to English - Rates: 0.06 - 0.10 USD per word / 22 - 34 USD per hour
English to Spanish: The Study of Cell Structure General field: Medical Detailed field: Medical (general)
Source text - English It is customary to divide the development of cytology in three periods. From 1875 to 1900, the nucleus of the cell and the process of mitosis were studied, often by using an achromatic lens. This is a lens which refracts white light without breakng it up into its component colours. The apochromatic lens in use nowadays is still more highly corrected for colour aberrations.
In the period from 1900 to 1940 more precise methods of fixing and staining became available to researchers and methods of light microscopy were improved. A fresh awareness of Mendel's work led to the study of chromosomes and genetics from 1900 to 1925. From 1925 to 1940 interest centred on cytoplasm. It had already been ascertained that the cell consists of a nucleus, contained by a celular membrane, and cytoplasm, which occupies the rest of the cell. By 1940 certain features of the cytoplasm were detectable, including the cylindrical centrioles, but much was postulated and the investigations were limited by the techniques available.
A new era in cytology bergan in 1940. The development of the ultra microtome for cutting extremely thin sections made the electron microscope applicable to cell study. The cytoplasmatic matrix appeared homogeneous with the phase contrast technique of light microscopy. However, the EM, or electron microscope, showed that it is divided by membranes into compartments with different chemical constitutions. The EM was essential to the investigation of the endoplasmatic reticulum and the ribosomes. It also revealed in fine detail the mitocondria, the Golgi complex and the cylindrical centrioles.
Translation - Spanish Se acostumbra a dividir el desarrollo de la citología en tres períodos. De 1875 a 1900, se estudiaron el núcleo de la célula y el proceso de mitosis, con frecuencia mediante el uso de una lente acromática, una lente que refracta la luz blanca sin descomponerla en los colores que la forman. La lente apocromática en uso en nuestros días está corregida aun con mayor exactitud para aberraciones cromáticas.
En el período de 1900 a 1940, se pusieron al alcance de los investigadores métodos más precisos de fijación y tinción y se mejoraron los métodos de la microscopía óptica. Una nueva percepción del trabajo de Mendel condujo al estudio de los cromosomas y la genética. De 1925 a 1940, el interés se centró en el citoplasma. Ya se había determinado que la célula consta de un núcleo, rodeado por una membrana nuclear, y de citoplasma, que ocupa el resto de la célula. Para 1940 se podían detectar ciertas características del citoplasma, que incluían los centriolos cilíndricos, pero la mayoría eran solo conjeturas y las investigaciones estaban limitadas por las técnicas disponibles.
En 1940 comenzó una nueva era para la citología. El desarrollo del ultramicrótomo para cortar secciones extremadamente delgadas hizo que el microscopio electrónico pudiera aplicarse al estudio de la célula. Con la técnica de contraste de fases de la microscopía óptica, la matriz citoplasmática parecía ser homogénea. Sin embargo, el microscopio electrónico, o M.E., mostró que está dividida por membranas en compartimientos con diferentes composiciones químicas. El M.E. fue esencial en la investigación del retículo endoplasmático y de los ribosomas. También permitió ver en detalle las mitocondrias, los cilios, el aparato de Golgi y los centriolos.
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